Interpretación de resultados toxicológicos post-mórtemcriterios de garantía de calidad

Referencias bibliográficas

• Hearn WL, Walls HC. Introduction to postmortem toxicology. En: Karch SB, editor. Postmortem toxicology of abused drugs. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2008. p. 1-11.
• Leikin J, Watson W. Post-mortem toxicology: What the dead can and cannot tell us. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41:47-56.
• Nilsson GH, Kugelberg F, Ahlner J, Kronstrand R. Influence of pre-analytical conditions on the interpretation of zopiclone con- centrations in whole blood. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;207:35-9.
• Skopp G. Preanalytical aspects in postmortem toxicology. Foren- sic Sci Int. 2004;142:75-100.
• Pélissier-Alicot AL, Gauller JM, Champsaur P, Marquet P. Mecha- nism underlying postmortem redistribution of drugs: A review. J Anal Toxicol. 2003;27:533-44.
• Langford AM, Pounder DJ. Possible markers for postmortem drug redistribution. J Forensic Sci. 1997;42:88-92.
• Gannet PM, Doft JR, James D, Rybeck B, Knopp JB, Tracy TS. In vitro reaction of barbiturates with formaldehyde. J Anal Toxi- col. 2001;25:443-9.
• Flanagan RJ, Connally G. Interpretation of analytical toxicology results in life and post-mortem. Toxicol Rev. 2005;24:51-62.
• Pounder DJ. Postmortem drug sampling and redistribution. En: Payne-Jones J, editor. Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medi- cine. Nueva York: Academic Press; 2005. p. 211-7.
• Caplan YH. Blood, urine and other fluid and tissue specimens for alcohol analysis. En: Garriot JC, editor. Medicolegal aspects of alcohol determination in biological samples. Boca Raton: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1988. p. 74-86.
• Isenschmid DS, Levine BS, Caplan YH. A comprenhensive study of the stability of cocaine and its metabolites. J Anal Toxicol. 1989;13:250-6.
• Moriya F, Hashimoto Y, Kuo TL. Pitfalls when determining tissue distributions of organophosphorus chemicals: Sodium fluoride accelerates chemical degradation. J Anal Toxicol. 1999;23:210-5.
• Orden JUS/1291/2010 de 13 de mayo del 2010. Normas para la preparación y remisión de muestras objeto de análisis por el Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses. Boletín Oficial del Estado, 19 de mayo del 2010.
• Ferrara SD, Frison G, Tedeschi L, LeBeau M. Gammahydroxy- butyrate (GHB) and related products. En: LeBeau M, Mozayani A, editores. Drug-facilitated sexual assault. A forensic handbook. San Diego: Academic Press; 2001. p. 107-26.
• Dine T, Luyckx M, Cerin M. Rapid determination by high per- formance liquid chromatography of di-2-ethylhexylphtalate in plasma stored in plastic bags. Biomed Chromatog. 1991;5:94-7.
• Hargrove VM, McCutcheon JR. Comparison of drug concentra- tion taken from clamped and unclamped femoral vessels. J Anal Toxicol. 2008;32:621-5.
• Linnet K, Johansen S, Buchard A, Munkholm J, Morling N. Dominance of pre-analytical over analytical variation for mea- surement of methadone and its main metabolite in postmortem femoral blood. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;179:78-82.
• Skopp G, Potsch L, Klingmann A, Maltern R. Stability of morp- hine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in fresh blood and plasma and postmortem blood samples. J Anal Toxicol. 2001;25:2-7.
• De Zeeuw RA, Muller RK, Finke BS. Systematic toxicological analysis: Laboratory guidelines. Bulletin TIAFT. 2001;31:23-6.
• Flanagan RJ, Connally G, Evans MJ. Analytical toxicology: Guidelines for sample collection postmortem. Toxicol Rev. 2005;24:63-71.
• Society of Forensic Toxicologists/American Academy of Forensic Sciences (SOFT/AAS). Forensic laboratory guidelines [consul- tado 24 Jun 2013]. Disponible en: www.soft-tox.org
• Society of Toxicological and Forensic Chemistry (GTFCH). Guidelines and recommendations [consultado 27 Jun 2013]. Dis- ponible en: www.gtfch.org/cms/index.php/guidelines
• Cooper GAA, Paterson S, Osselton D. The United Kingdom and Ireland association of forensic toxicologists. Forensic toxicology laboratory guidelines (2010). Sci Jus. 2010;50:166-76.
• Levine B. Forensic Toxicology. Anal Chem. 1993;65:272-6.
• Baselt R, Carvey R. Disposition of drugs and toxic chemicals in man. 4.a ed. Foster City: Chemical Toxicological Institute; 1995.
• Cody JT, Foltz RL. GC/MS analysis of body fluids for drugs of abuse. En: Yinon EE, editor. Forensic applications of mass spec- trometry. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1995. p. 1-59.
• Linnet K. Postmortem drug concentration intervals for the non- intoxicated state -a review. J Forensic Leg Med. 2012;19:245-9.
• Pounder DJ, Jones GR. Post-mortem drug redistribution-a toxicological nightmare. Forensic Sci Int. 1990;45:253-63.
• Hilberg T, Rodge S, Morland J. Postmortem drug redistribution- human cases related to results in experimental animals. J Forensic Sci. 1999;44:3-9.
• Ferner RE. Post-mortem clinical pharmacology. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66:430-43.
• Drummer OH, Gerostamoulos J. Postmortem drug analysis: Analytical and toxicological aspects. Ther Drug Monit. 2002;24:199-209.
• Hernandez AF, Pla A, Gil F, Gómez A, Lozano D, Alarcón R, et al. Importancia de la toxicogenómica en la interpretación de los resultados postmortem. Rev Toxicol. 2011;28:16-7.
• Musshoff F, Stemer UM, Madea B. Pharmacogenetics and forensic toxicology. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;203:53-62.
• Eicherlbaum M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Evasn WE. Pharmaco-genomics and individualized drug therapy. Annu Rev Med. 2006;57:119-37.
• Holgren P, Ahlner J. Pharmacogenomics for forensic toxicology: Swedish experience. En: Wong SH, Linder M, Valdes Jr R, editores. Pharmacogenomics and proteomics. Washington DC: AACCPress; 2006. p. 295-9.
• Jornil J, Linnet K. Roles of polymorphic enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 for in vitro metabolism of amitriptyline at therapeutic and toxic levels. Forensic Toxicol. 2009;27:12-20.
• Wong SHW, Happy C, Blinke G, Gock S, Jenten JM, Donald J, et al. From personalized medicine to personalized justice: The promises of translationale pharmacogenomics in the justice sys- tem. Pharmacogenomics. 2010;11:731-7.
• Holt DW, Benstead JG. Postmortem assay of digoxine by radioim- munoassay. J Clin Pathol. 1975;28:483-6.
• Rouzioux JM. Résultats des analyses toxicologiques lors des autopsies médico-légales: Intérêt-difficultés d’interpretation. Acta Med Leg Soc (Liege). 1980;30:25-42.
• Koren G, MacLeod SM. Postmortem redistribution of digoxine in rats. J Forensic Sci. 1985;30:92-6.
• Cook DS, Braithwaite RA, Hale KA. Estimating antemortem drug concentrations from postmortem blood samples: The influence of postmortem redistribution. J Clin Pathol. 2000;53:282-5.
• Pounder DJ, Fuke C, Cox DE, Smith D, Kuroda N. Postmortem diffusion of drug form gastric residue: An experimental study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1996;17:1-7.
• Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Postmortem diffusion of drugs from the bladder into femoral venous blood. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;123:248-53.
• Pounder DJ, Yonemitsu K. Postmortem absorption of drugs and etanol from aspirated vomitus-an experimental model. Forensic Sci Int. 1994;51:185-95.
• Yarema MC. Becker Ce Key concepts in post-mortem drug redistribution. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2005;43:235-41.
• Schloegl H, Dresen S, Spazynski K, Stoertzel M, Wurst M, Wein- mann W. Stability of ethyl glucuronide in urine, post-mortem tissue and blood samples. Int J Legal Med. 2006;120:83-8.
• Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Criteria for judging whether postmortem blood concentrations can be used for toxicological evaluation. Legal Med. 2000;2:143-51.
• Dalpe-Scott M, Degouffe Garbutt D, Drost M. A comparison of drug concentrations in post-mortem cardiac and peripheral blood in 320 cases. Can Soc Forensic Sci Int. 1995;28:1.
• Hilberg T, Morland J, Bjorneboe A. Postmortem release of ami- triptyline from the lungs; a mechanism of postmortem drug redistribution. Forensic Sci Int. 1994;64:47-55.
• Holland MG, Schwope DM, Stoppacher R, Gillen SB, Huestis MA. Postmortem redistribution of (9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC- COOH). Forensic Sci Int. 2011;212:247-51.
• Han E, Kim E, Hond H, Jeong S, Kim J, In S, et al. Evaluation of postmortem redistribution phenomena for commonly encoun- tered drugs. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;219:265-71.
• Patel G. Postmortem drug levels: Innocent bystander or guilty as charged. J Pharm Practice. 2012;25:37-40.
• Saar E, Beyer J, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH. The time- dependant post-mortem redistribution of antipsychotic drugs. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;222:223-7.
• Flanagan RJ, Spencer EP, Morgan PE, Barnes TRE, Dunk L. Sus- pected clozapine poisoning in UK/Eire 1992-2003. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;155:91-9.
• Kugelberg FC, Druid H, Carlsson BR, Ahlnor J, Bengtsson F. Post- mortem redistribution of the enantiomers of citalopram and its metabolites: An experimental study in rats. J Anal Toxicol. 2004;28:631-7.
• Pohland RC, Berthard NR. Postmortem serum and tissue redis- tribution of fluoxetine and nor fluoxetine in dogs following oral administration of fluoxetine hydrochloride Prozac. J Forensic Sci. 1997;42:812-6.
• Crandall CS, Kerrigan S, Agnero B, LaValley J, Zumwait R, Mckin- ney PE. The influence fo site of collection on postmortem morphine concentration in heroin overdose victims. J Forensic Sci. 2006;51:413-20.
• DeLetter EA, Clauwaert KM, Belpaire FM, Lambert WE, van Bocxlaer JF, Plette MHA. Post-mortem redistribution of 3,4 methylenedioxymetanphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) in the rabbit. Part I: Experimental approach after in vivo intravenous infusion. Int J Legal Med. 2002;116:216-24.
• DeLetter EA, Belpaire FM, Clauwaert KM, Lambert WE, van Bocxlaer JF, Plette MHA. Post-mortem redistribution of 3,4 methylenedioxymetanphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) in the rabbit. Part II: Post-mortem infusion in trachea or stomach. Int J Legal Med. 2002;116:225-32.
• Couchman L, Morgan PE, Spencer EP, Flanagan RJ. Plasma clo- zapine, norclozapine and the clozapine: Norclozapine ration in relation to prescribed dose and other factors: Data from the- rapeutic drug monitoring service, 1993-2007. Ther Drug Monit. 2010;32:438-47.
• Moffat AC, Osselton MD, Widdop B. Clarke’s analysis of drugs and poisons. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2011.
• Spiehler V, Levine B. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. En: Levine B, editor. Principles of forensic toxicology. Washing- ton DC: AACC Press; 2003. p. 47-66.
• Jones GR. Interpretation of postmortem drug levels. En: Karch SB, editor. Postmortem toxicology of abused drugs. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2008. p. 113-31.
• Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006.
• Linnet K. Nonparametric estimation of reference inter- vals by simple and bootstrap-based procedures. Clin Chem. 2000;46:867-9.
• Aronson JK, Ferner FE. Joining the DoTS: New approach to classifying adverse drug reactions. BMJ. 2003;327:1222-5.
• Dum J, Mayer G, Holt V, Henz A. In vivo opiate binding in tolerante/dependent mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 1979;58: 453-60.
• Hamner JERP, Egimez Y, Emmett-Ohlesby MW. Neural mecha- nisms of tolerance to the effects of cocaine. Brain Res. 1997;84:225-39.
• Dyer JE, Roth B, Hyma BA. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;37:147-53.
• Jung BF, Reidenberg MM. Interpretation of opioid levels: com- parison of levels during chronic pain therapy to levels from forensic autopsies. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;77:324-34.
• Stanworth D, Hunt NCA, Flanagan RJ. Clozapine -a dan- gerous drug in a clozapine-naive subject. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;214:23-5.
• Jones AW, Holmgren P. Comparison of blood-ethanol concentra- tions in deaths attributed to acute alcohol poisoning and chronic alcoholism. J Forensic Sci. 2003;48:874-9.
• Koski A, Ojampera I, Vuori E. Interaction of alcohol and drugs in fatal poisonings. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2003;22:281-7.
• Druid H, Holmgren P. A compilation of fatal and control concen- trations of drugs in postmortem femoral blood. J Forensic Sci. 1997;42:79-87.
• Schulz M, Schmoldt A. Therapeutic and toxic blood concentra- tions of more than 500 drugs. Pharmazie. 1997;52:895-911.
• Repetto MR, Repetto M. Habitual, toxic, and lethal concentrations of 103 drugs of abuse in humans. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1997;35:1-9.
• Holmgren P, Druid H. Compilations of therapeutic, toxic and fatal concentrations of drugs. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36:133-4.
• Regenthal R, Krueger M, Koeppel C, Preiss R. Drug levels: Therapeutic and toxic serum/plasma concentrations of common drugs. J Clin Monit Comput. 1999;15:529-44.
• Repetto MR, Repetto M. Tabla de valores de referencia en fluidos biológicos [consultado 21 Abr 2014]. Disponible en: http://www.aloj.us.es/toxicologia/doc
• Winek CL, Wahba WW, Winek Jr CL, Balzer TW. Drug and chemi- cal blood-level data 2001. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;122:107-23.
• Schulz M, Schmoldt A. Therapeutic and toxic blood concentra- tions of more than 800 drugs and other xenobiotics. Pharmazie. 2003;58:447-74.
• Musshoff F, Padosch S, Steinborn S, Madea B. Fatal blood and tissue concentrations of more than 200 drugs. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;142:161-210.
• Moffat AC, Osselton MD, Widopp B. Clarke’s analysis of drugs and poisons. 3rd ed. Londres: Pharmaceutical Press; 2004.
• Molina DK. Handbook of forensic toxicology for medical exami- ners. Boca Ratón: Taylor Francis; 2010.
• Reis M, Aamo T, Ahlner J, Druid H. Reference concentrations of antidepressants. A compilation of postmortem and therapeutic levels. J Anal Toxicol. 2007;3:255-64.
• Pilgrim JL, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH. Death involving serotoninergic drugs. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;198:110-7.
• Baselt RC. Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man. 8th ed. Foster City: Biomedical Publications; 2008.
• Jones AW, Holmgren A. Concentration distributions of the drugs most frequently identified in post-mortem femoral blood representing all causes of death. Med Sci Law. 2009;49: 257-73.
• Jones AW, Holmgen A. Concentration ratios of free-morphine to free codeine in femoral blood in heroin-related poisoning deaths. Legal Med. 2011;13:171-3.
• Merves ML, Goldberger BA. Forensic toxicology. En: Miller NS, Ed. Principles of addictions and the law-applications in foren- sic, mental health, and medical practice. New York:Elsevier; 2010. p. 193-201.
• Merves ML, Goldberger BA: Quality assurance, quality control, and method validation in chromatographic applications. En: Bertholfd R Winecker R, Eds. Chromatographic methods in cli- nical chemistry and toxicology. Chichester:John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2007. p. 1-14.
• Soria Sánchez ML. Criterios de calidad en la interpretacióin toxi- cológica post-mortem. Rev Toxicol. 2011;28:17-8.
• Compan ̃ó R, Ríos A. Garantía de la calidad en los laboratorios analíticos. Madrid: Editorial Síntesis; 2002.
• Wilson J, Toseland PA, Capps NE, Sandle LN, Smith BL, Sweeney G, et al. External quality assessment of laboratory perfor- mance in analysis of toxicological cases. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;121:27-32.
• Martínez González MA. Criterios cualitativos y cuantitativos en toxicología forense. Rev Toxicol. 2011;28:15-6.
• Martínez González MA. Criterios cualitativos en toxicología forense. Rev Esp Med Legal. 2012;38:68-75.
• Norma UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005. Requisitos generales relati- vos a la competencia de los laboratorios de ensayo y calibración.
• Palmer RB. Fentanyl in postmortem toxicology. Clin Toxicol. 2010;48:771-84.