Ejercicio físico, obesidad e inflamación

  1. Álvaro Candón Liñán 1
  2. Antonio Jesús Sánchez Oliver 1
  3. Ismael Galancho Reina 1
  4. Walter Suárez Carmona 1
  5. José Antonio González Jurado 1
  1. 1 Universidad Pablo de Olavide
    info

    Universidad Pablo de Olavide

    Sevilla, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02z749649

Revista:
EmásF: revista digital de educación física

ISSN: 1989-8304

Año de publicación: 2016

Número: 41

Páginas: 65-82

Tipo: Artículo

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: EmásF: revista digital de educación física

Resumen

La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica de origen multifactorial, con una elevada prevalencia a nivel mundial que se asocia a complicaciones potencialmente graves y que precisa de un enfoque multidisciplinar por su gran repercusión clínica y elevado coste sanitario. El interés actual de la lipoinflamación o inflamación crónica asociada a la obesidad deriva del conocimiento de las alteraciones y remodelado que se produce en el tejido adiposo, con la participación de múltiples factores y elementos implicados en todo el proceso. En la obesidad, los niveles circulantes de marcadores inflamatorios son elevados. La evidencia actual apoya que el entrenamiento físico, como el ejercicio aeróbico y de fuerza a largo plazo, reduce la inflamación crónica, especialmente en individuos obesos con altos niveles de biomarcadores inflamatorios y que este efecto es independiente de la pérdida de peso inducida por el ejercicio. Existen varios mecanismos a través de los cuales el ejercicio reduce la inflamación crónica, incluyendo su efecto sobre el tejido muscular para generar mioquinas antiinflamatorias. Sin embargo, el tipo, intensidad, y volumen de ejercicio ideal para mejorar este estado de inflamación crónica y obesidad no está claramente definido y necesita de investigación adicional.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Akash, M. S. H., Rehman, K., & Chen, S. (2013). Role of inflammatory mechanisms in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 114(3), 525-31.
  • Armstrong, R. B. (1990). Initial events in exercise-induced muscular injury. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 22(4), 429-35.
  • Baker, R. G., Hayden, M. S., & Ghosh, S. (2011). NF-κB, inflammation, and metabolic disease. Cell metabolism, 13(1), 11-22.
  • Beavers, K. M., Brinkley, T. E., & Nicklas, B. J. (2010). Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, 411(11-12), 785-93.
  • Beiter, T., Hoene, M., Prenzler, F., Mooren, F. C., Steinacker, J. M., Weigert, C., et al. (2015). Exercise, skeletal muscle and inflammation: ARE-binding proteins as key regulators in inflammatory and adaptive networks. Exercise immunology review, 21, 42-57.
  • Biddle, S. J. H., & Batterham, A. M. (2015). High-intensity interval exercise training for public health: a big HIT or shall we HIT it on the head? The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 12(1), 95.
  • Bing, C. Is interleukin-1β a culprit in macrophage-adipocyte crosstalk in obesity? Adipocyte, 4(2), 149-52.
  • Brandt, C., & Pedersen, B. K. (2010). The role of exercise-induced myokines in muscle homeostasis and the defense against chronic diseases. Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology, 2010, 6.
  • Chen, L., Chen, R., Wang, H., & Liang, F. (2015). Mechanisms Linking Inflammation to Insulin Resistance. International journal of endocrinology, 2015, 9.
  • Chen, Y.-W., Apostolakis, S., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2014). Exercise-induced changes in inflammatory processes: Implications for thrombogenesis in cardiovascular disease. Annals of medicine, 46(7), 439-55.
  • Cohen, D. H., & LeRoith, D. (2012). Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer: the insulin and IGF connection. Endocrine-related cancer, 19(5), 27-45.
  • Cooper, C. E., Vollaard, N. B. J., Choueiri, T., & Wilson, M. T. (2002). Exercise, free radicals and oxidative stress. Biochemical Society Transactions, 30(2), 280-285.
  • De Maddalena, C., Vodo, S., Petroni, A., & Aloisi, A. M. (2012). Impact of testosterone on body fat composition. Journal of cellular physiology, 227(12), 3744-8.
  • Dias, I., Farinatti, P., DE Souza, M. D. A. S. G. C., Manhanini, D. P., Balthazar, E., Dantas, D. L. S., et al. (2015). Effects of Resistance Training on Obese Adolescents. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 47(12), 2636-2644.
  • Dodds, R., & Sayer, A. A. (2014). Sarcopenia. Arquivos brasileiros de endocrinologia e metabologia, 58(5), 464-9.
  • Esteve Ràfols, M. (2014). Tejido adiposo: heterogeneidad celular y diversidad funcional. Endocrinología y Nutrición, 61(2), 100-112.
  • Evans, J. L., Goldfine, I. D., Maddux, B. A., & Grodsky, G. M. (2003). Are oxidative stress-activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction? Diabetes, 52(1), 1-8.
  • Febbraio, M. A., & Pedersen, B. K. (2002). Muscle-derived interleukin-6: mechanisms for activation and possible biological roles. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 16(11), 1335-47.
  • Fett, C. A., Fett, W. C. R., & Marchini, J. S. (2009). Circuit weight training vs jogging in metabolic risk factors of overweight/obese women. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 93(5), 519-25. Golbidi, S., Mesdaghinia, A., & Laher, I. (2012). Exercise in the metabolic syndrome. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2012, 349710. Greiwe, J. S., Bo, C., Rubin, D. C., Yarasheski, K. E., & Semenkovich, C. F. (2001). Resistance exercise decreases skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor alpha in frail elderly humans. FASEB Journal, 15(2), 475-482.
  • Gremeaux, V., Drigny, J., Nigam, A., Juneau, M., Guilbeault, V., Latour, E., et al. (2012). Long-term lifestyle intervention with optimized high-intensity interval training improves body composition, cardiometabolic risk, and exercise parameters in patients with abdominal obesity. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists, 91(11), 941-50.
  • Guilherme, A., Virbasius, J. V, Puri, V., & Czech, M. P. (2008). Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology, 9(5), 367-77.
  • Guillet-Deniau, I., Pichard, A.-L., Koné, A., Esnous, C., Nieruchalski, M., Girard, J., et al. (2004). Glucose induces de novo lipogenesis in rat muscle satellite cells through a sterol-regulatory-element-binding-protein-1c-dependent pathway. Journal of cell science, 117(Pt 10), 1937-1944.
  • Harbuz, M. S., Chover-Gonzalez, A. J., & Jessop, D. S. (2003). Hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenal axis and chronic immune activation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 992, 99-106.
  • Henningsen, J., Rigbolt, K. T. G., Blagoev, B., Pedersen, B. K., & Kratchmarova, I. (2010). Dynamics of the skeletal muscle secretome during myoblast differentiation. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP, 9(11), 2482-96.
  • Ho, S. S., Dhaliwal, S. S., Hills, A. P., & Pal, S. (2012). The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a randomized trial. BMC public health, 12, 704.
  • Hotamisligil, G. (2006). Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature, 444(7121), 8607.
  • Hotamisligil, G., Arner, P., Caro, J. F., Atkinson, R. L., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1995). Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. The Journal of clinical investigation, 95(5), 2409-15.
  • Huang, C.-J., Acevedo, E. O., Mari, D. C., Randazzo, C., & Shibata, Y. (2014). Glucocorticoid inhibition of leptinand lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 production in obesity. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 35, 163-8.
  • Ismail, I., Keating, S. E., Baker, M. K., & Johnson, N. A. (2012). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of aerobic vs. resistance exercise training on visceral fat. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 13(1), 68-91.
  • Izquierdo, M., Ibañez, J., Calbet, J. A. L., Navarro-Amezqueta, I., González-Izal, M., Idoate, F., et al. (2009). Cytokine and hormone responses to resistance training. European journal of applied physiology, 107(4), 397-409.
  • Janiszewski, P. M., & Ross, R. (2009). The utility of physical activity in the management of global cardiometabolic risk. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 17 Suppl 3, S3-S14. Jensen, G. L. Inflammation: roles in aging and sarcopenia. JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 32(6), 656-9.
  • Kalyani, R. R., Corriere, M., & Ferrucci, L. (2014). Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2(10), 819-29.
  • Kasapis, C., & Thompson, P. D. (2005). The effects of physical activity on serum Creactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 45(10), 1563-9.
  • Kawanishi, N., Yano, H., Yokogawa, Y., & Suzuki, K. (2010). Exercise training inhibits inflammation in adipose tissue via both suppression of macrophage infiltration and acceleration of phenotypic switching from M1 to M2 macrophages in high-fat-dietinduced obese mice. Exercise immunology review, 16, 105-18.
  • Keating, S. E., Machan, E. A., O’Connor, H. T., Gerofi, J. A., Sainsbury, A., Caterson, I. D., et al. (2014). Continuous exercise but not high intensity interval training improves fat distribution in overweight adults. Journal of obesity, 2014, 834865.
  • Kim, J.-Y., van de Wall, E., Laplante, M., Azzara, A., Trujillo, M. E., Hofmann, S. M., et al. (2007). Obesity-associated improvements in metabolic profile through expansion of adipose tissue. The Journal of clinical investigation, 117(9), 2621-37.
  • Lacasa, D., Taleb, S., Keophiphath, M., Miranville, A., & Clement, K. (2007). Macrophage-secreted factors impair human adipogenesis: involvement of proinflammatory state in preadipocytes. Endocrinology, 148(2), 868-77.
  • Levinger, I., Goodman, C., Peake, J., Garnham, A., Hare, D. L., Jerums, G., et al. (2009). Inflammation, hepatic enzymes and resistance training in individuals with metabolic risk factors. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 26(3), 220-7.
  • Lin, Y., Berg, A. H., Iyengar, P., Lam, T. K. T., Giacca, A., Combs, T. P., et al. (2005). The hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory response in adipocytes: the role of reactive oxygen species. The Journal of biological chemistry, 280(6), 4617-26.
  • Lira, F. S., Rosa Neto, J. C., Antunes, B. M. M., & Fernandes, R. A. (2014). The relationship between inflammation, dyslipidemia and physical exercise: from the epidemiological to molecular approach. Current diabetes reviews, 10(6), 391-6.
  • Little, J. P., Gillen, J. B., Percival, M. E., Safdar, A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Punthakee, Z., et al. (2011). Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 111(6), 1554-60.
  • Little, J. P., Safdar, A., Wilkin, G. P., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2010). A practical model of low-volume high-intensity interval training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle: potential mechanisms. The Journal of physiology, 588(Pt 6), 1011-22.
  • Lumeng, C. N., Bodzin, J. L., & Saltiel, A. R. (2007). Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. The Journal of clinical investigation, 117(1), 175-84.
  • Lumeng, C. N., DelProposto, J. B., Westcott, D. J., & Saltiel, A. R. (2008). Phenotypic switching of adipose tissue macrophages with obesity is generated by spatiotemporal differences in macrophage subtypes. Diabetes, 57(12), 3239-46.
  • Maddux, B. A., See, W., Lawrence, J. C., Goldfine, A. L., Goldfine, I. D., & Evans, J. L. (2001). Protection against oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance in rat L6 muscle cells by mircomolar concentrations of alpha-lipoic acid. Diabetes, 50(2), 404-10.
  • Maechler, P., Jornot, L., & Wollheim, C. B. (1999). Hydrogen Peroxide Alters Mitochondrial Activation and Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Journal of
  • Biological Chemistry, 274(39), 27905-27913. Marfella, R., Quagliaro, L., Nappo, F., Ceriello, A., & Giugliano, D. (2001). Acute hyperglycemia induces an oxidative stress in healthy subjects. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 108(4), 635-636.
  • Mathur, N., & Pedersen, B. K. (2008). Exercise as a mean to control low-grade systemic inflammation. Mediators of inflammation, 2008, 109502.
  • Mekary, R. A., Grøntved, A., Despres, J.-P., De Moura, L. P., Asgarzadeh, M., Willett, W. C., et al. (2015). Weight training, aerobic physical activities, and long-term waist circumference change in men. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 23(2), 461-7.
  • Moholdt, T., Aamot, I. L., Granøien, I., Gjerde, L., Myklebust, G., Walderhaug, L., et al. (2012). Aerobic interval training increases peak oxygen uptake more than usual care exercise training in myocardial infarction patients: a randomized controlled study. Clinical rehabilitation, 26(1), 33-44.
  • Morrison, M. C., & Kleemann, R. (2015). Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Type 2 Diabetes, and Associated Hepatic CoMorbidities: A Comprehensive Review of Human and Rodent Studies. Frontiers in immunology, 6, 308.
  • Mourier, A., Gautier, J. F., De Kerviler, E., Bigard, A. X., Villette, J. M., Garnier, J. P., et al. (1997). Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM. Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplements. Diabetes care, 20(3), 385-91.
  • Muñoz-Cánoves, P., Scheele, C., Pedersen, B. K., & Serrano, A. L. (2013). Interleukin-6 myokine signaling in skeletal muscle: a double-edged sword? The FEBS journal, 280(17), 4131-48.
  • Nimmo, M. A., Leggate, M., Viana, J. L., & King, J. A. (2013). The effect of physical activity on mediators of inflammation. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 15 Suppl 3, 51-60.
  • Olson, T. P., Dengel, D. R., Leon, A. S., & Schmitz, K. H. (2007). Changes in inflammatory biomarkers following one-year of moderate resistance training in overweight women. International journal of obesity (2005), 31(6), 996-1003.
  • Ormsbee, M. J., Thyfault, J. P., Johnson, E. A., Kraus, R. M., Choi, M. D., & Hickner, R. C. (2007). Fat metabolism and acute resistance exercise in trained men. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 102(5), 1767-72.
  • Pal, M., Febbraio, M. A., & Whitham, M. (2014). From cytokine to myokine: the emerging role of interleukin-6 in metabolic regulation. Immunology and cell biology, 92(4), 331-9.
  • Park, Y.-M., Myers, M., & Vieira-Potter, V. J. Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: role of exercise. Missouri medicine, 111(1), 65-72.
  • Peake, J. M., Suzuki, K., Hordern, M., Wilson, G., Nosaka, K., & Coombes, J. S. (2005). Plasma cytokine changes in relation to exercise intensity and muscle damage. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(5-6), 514-521.
  • Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2008). Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiological reviews, 88(4), 1379-406.
  • Petersen, A. M. W., & Pedersen, B. K. (2005). The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 98(4), 1154-62.
  • Phillips, M. D., Patrizi, R. M., Cheek, D. J., Wooten, J. S., Barbee, J. J., & Mitchell, J. B. (2012). Resistance training reduces subclinical inflammation in obese, postmenopausal women. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 44(11), 2099110.
  • Rana, J. S., Nieuwdorp, M., Jukema, J. W., & Kastelein, J. J. P. (2007). Cardiovascular metabolic syndrome an interplay of, obesity, inflammation, diabetes and coronary heart disease. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 9(3), 218-32.
  • Richards, J. C., Johnson, T. K., Kuzma, J. N., Lonac, M. C., Schweder, M. M., Voyles, W. F., et al. (2010). Short-term sprint interval training increases insulin sensitivity in healthy adults but does not affect the thermogenic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. The Journal of physiology, 588(Pt 15), 2961-72.
  • Rydén, M., Andersson, D. P., Bernard, S., Spalding, K., & Arner, P. (2013). Adipocyte triglyceride turnover and lipolysis in lean and overweight subjects. Journal of lipid research, 54(10), 2909-13.
  • Schakman, O., Kalista, S., Barbé, C., Loumaye, A., & Thissen, J. P. (2013). Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 45(10), 2163-72.
  • Schwingshackl, L., Dias, S., Strasser, B., & Hoffmann, G. (2013). Impact of different training modalities on anthropometric and metabolic characteristics in overweight/obese subjects: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 8(12).
  • Skrypnik, D., Bogdański, P., Mądry, E., Karolkiewicz, J., Ratajczak, M., Kryściak, J., et al. (2015). Effects of Endurance and Endurance Strength Training on Body Composition and Physical Capacity in Women with Abdominal Obesity. Obesity facts, 8(3), 175-87.
  • Starkie, R., Ostrowski, S. R., Jauffred, S., Febbraio, M., & Pedersen, B. K. (2003). Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 17(8), 884-6.
  • Steptoe, A., Kunz-Ebrecht, S. R., Brydon, L., & Wardle, J. (2004). Central adiposity and cortisol responses to waking in middle-aged men and women. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 28(9), 1168-73.
  • Stewart, L. K., Flynn, M. G., Campbell, W. W., Craig, B. A., Robinson, J. P., Timmerman, K. L., et al. (2007). The influence of exercise training on inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(10), 1714-9.
  • Strasser, B., Arvandi, M., & Siebert, U. (2012). Resistance training, visceral obesity and inflammatory response: a review of the evidence. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 13(7), 578-91.
  • Suganami, T., Tanaka, M., & Ogawa, Y. (2012). Adipose tissue inflammation and ectopic lipid accumulation. Endocrine journal, 59(10), 849-57. Sundell, J. (2011). Resistance Training Is an Effective Tool against Metabolic and Frailty Syndromes. Advances in preventive medicine, 2011, 984683.
  • Tjønna, A. E., Lee, S. J., Rognmo, Ø., Stølen, T. O., Bye, A., Haram, P. M., et al. (2008). Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation, 118(4), 346-54.
  • Tracey, K. J. (2009). Reflex control of immunity. Nature reviews. Immunology, 9(6), 418-28.
  • Trayhurn, P., & Wood, I. S. (2004). Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue. The British journal of nutrition, 92(3), 347-55.
  • Vieira, V. J., Valentine, R. J., McAuley, E., Evans, E., & Woods, J. A. (2007). Independent relationship between heart rate recovery and C-reactive protein in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55(5), 747-51.
  • Wallman, K., Plant, L. A., Rakimov, B., & Maiorana, A. J. (2009). The effects of two modes of exercise on aerobic fitness and fat mass in an overweight population. Research in sports medicine (Print), 17(3), 156-70.
  • Wyss-Coray, T., & Rogers, J. (2012). Inflammation in Alzheimer disease-a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2(1), a006346.
  • Ye, J. (2009). Emerging role of adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and insulin resistance. International journal of obesity (2005), 33(1), 54-66.
  • You, T., Arsenis, N. C., Disanzo, B. L., & Lamonte, M. J. (2013). Effects of exercise training on chronic inflammation in obesity : current evidence and potential mechanisms. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 43(4), 243-56.
  • Zeyda, M., & Stulnig, T. M. (2009). Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance--a mini-review. Gerontology, 55(4), 379-86.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet