El debilitamiento de la identidad nacional española durante la crisis económica

  1. Carmen González Enríquez 1
  2. Antonia M.ª Ruiz Jiménez 2
  3. Daniel Romero Portillo 3
  1. 1 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
    info

    Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02msb5n36

  2. 2 Universidad Pablo de Olavide
    info

    Universidad Pablo de Olavide

    Sevilla, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02z749649

  3. 3 Universitat Pompeu Fabra
    info

    Universitat Pompeu Fabra

    Barcelona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04n0g0b29

Journal:
REIS: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas

ISSN: 0210-5233

Year of publication: 2020

Issue: 170

Pages: 95-114

Type: Article

DOI: 10.5477/CIS/REIS.170.95 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

More publications in: REIS: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas

Abstract

This article examines the evolution of the strength and nature of the Spanish national identity, considering the years 2002 and 2015, before and after the economic crisis starting in 2008. A correlation between economic factors and Spanish national identity, has been found with this identity having weakened during the analyzed period and with certain civic elements losing weight. To test the specific significance of the economic crisis on this change, an analysis of fictitious cohorts is carried out, relating change in purchasing power of wages for different age groups to changes in the feeling of national identity. The article also relates the evolution of the feeling of Spanish pride with other individual sociodemographic and political factors. Finally, the change in the nature of national identity is analyzed.

Funding information

Funders

Bibliographic References

  • Andersen, Robert y Fetner, Tina (2008). «Economic Inequality and Intolerance: Attitudes toward Homosexuality in 35 Democracies». American Journal of Political Science, 52(4): 942-958.
  • Blas, Andrés de (2001). «Identidad y conciencia nacional española». En: Ribot García, L. A.; Valdeón Baruque, J. y Villares, R. (eds.). Año mil, año dos mil: dos milenios en la historia de España. Madrid: Sociedad Estatal España Nuevo Milenio.
  • Bollen, Kenneth y Díez Medrano, Juan (1998). «Who Are the Spaniards? Nationalism and Identification in Spain». Source: Social Forces, 77(2): 587-621.
  • Brown, David (1998). «Why Is the Nation-State so Vulnerable to Ethnic Nationalism?». Nations and Nationalism, 4(l): 1-15.
  • Brubaker, Rogers (1992). Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Brubaker, Rogers (2011). «Economic Crisis, Nationalism and Politicezed Ethnicity». En: Calhoun, C. y Derluguian, G. (eds.). The Deepening Crisis. Governance Challenges After Neoliberalism. New York: New York University Press.
  • Crane, George T. (1998). «Economic Nationalism: Bringing the Nation Back In». Millennium Journal of International Studies, 27(1): 55-75.
  • Cussó, Roser; García, Lluís y Grande, Inma (2018). «The Meaning and Limitations of the Subjective National Identity Scale: The Case of Spain». Ethnopolitics, 17(2): 165-180.
  • Deutsch, Karl W. (1964). «The Price of Integration». En: Jacob, P. E. y Toscano, J. V. (eds.). The Integration of Political Communities. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
  • Díez Medrano, Juan y Gutiérrez, Paula (2001). «Nested Identities: National and European Identity in Spain». Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24(5): 753-778.
  • Escobar, Modesto (1998). «Las aplicaciones del análisis de segmentación: el procedimiento Chaid». Empiria, 1: 13-49. Madrid.
  • Fusi, Juan Pablo (2001). «España: la evolución de la identidad nacional». En: García de Cortázar, F. (ed.). La nación española: historia y presente. Madrid: Fundación para el Análisis y los Estudios Sociales.
  • Greenfeld, Liah y Chirot, Daniel (2014). «Nationalism and Aggression». Theory and Society, 23(1): 79-103.
  • Guinjoan, Marc y Rodon, Toni (2016). «A Scrutiny of the Linz-Moreno Question». Plubius: The Journal of Federalism, 46(1): 128-142.
  • Hadler, Markus; Tsutsui, Kiyoteru y Chin, Lynn G. (2012). «Conflicting and Reinforcing Identities in Expanding Europe: Individualand Country-Level Factors Shaping National and European Identities, 1995-2003». Sociological Forum, 27(2): 392-418.
  • Harris, Marvin (1979). El materialismo cultural. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
  • Hettne, Björn (1993). «Ethnicity and Development: An Elusive Relationship». Contemporary South Asia, 2(2): 123-149.
  • Isernia, P.; Fikey, I.; Serricchio, F. y Westle, Bettina (2012). «But Still It Does Not Move: Functional and Identity-Based Determinants of European Identity». En: Sanders, D.; Magalhaes, C. y Tóka, G. (eds.). Citizens and the European Polity: Mass Attitudes towards the European and National Polities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Keating, Michael (2001). Nations against the State. The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland. New York: MacMillan Press.
  • Keskinen, Suvi; Norocel, Ov Cristian y Jorgersen, Martin Bak (2016). «The Politics and Policies of Welfare Chauvinism under the Economic Crisis». Critical Social Policy, 36(3): 321-329.
  • Máiz, Ramón (2003). «Framing the Nation: Three Rival Versions of Contemporary Nationalist Ideology». Journal of Political Ideologies, 8(3): 251-267.
  • Martínez-Herrera, Enric (2002). «From Nation-Building to Building Identification with Political Communities: Consequences of Political Decentralisation in Spain, the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia, 1978-2001». European Journal of Political Research, 41(4): 421-453.
  • McEwen, Nicola (2006). Nationalism and the State. Brussels: PIE-Peter Lang.
  • Miller, D. (2000). Citizenship and National Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Muñoz, Jordi (2012). La construcción política de la identidad española: ¿del nacionalcatolicismo al patriotismo democrático? Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
  • Nieves, Arturo de y Diz, Carlos (2019). «Dual Identity? A Methodological Critique of the Linz-Moreno Question as a Statistical Proxy of National Identity». Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 49: 13-41.
  • Ruiz Jiménez, Antonia M. (2007). «Los instrumentos de medida de las identidades en los estudios del CIS y el Eurobarómetro: problemas de validez de la denominada escala Moreno». Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 117: 161-182.
  • Ruiz Jiménez, Antonia M.; Gorniak, Jaroslaw Jozef; Kosic, Ankica; Kiss, Paszkal y Kandulla, Maren (2004). «European and National Identities in EU’s Old and New Member States: Ethnic, Civic, In- strumental and Symbolic Components». European Integration Online Papers, 8(11): 1-37.
  • Ruiz Jiménez, Antonia M.; Navarro Ardoy, Luis y Ferri Fuentevilla, Elena (2017). «Patriotas sociales. La izquierda ante el nacionalismo español». Papers. Revista de Sociologia, 102(3): 421-448.
  • Shayo, Moses (2009). «A Model of Social Identity with an Application to Political Economy: Nation, Class, and Redistribution». American Political Science Review, 103(2): 147-174.
  • Shulman, Stephen (2002). «Challenging the Civic/Ethnic and West/East Dichotomies in the Study of Nationalism». Comparative Political Studies, 35: 554-585.
  • Smith, Anthony (1991). National Identity. London: Penguin Books.
  • Solt, Frederick (2011). «Diversionary Nationalism: Economic Inequality and the Formation of National Pride». The Journal of Politics, 73(03): 821-830.
  • Westle, Bettina (2003). «Europäische Identifikation im Spannungsfeld Regionaler und Nationaler Identitäten: Theoretische Überlegungen und Empirische Befunde». Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 44(4): 453-482.
  • Wright, Matthew (2011). Diversity and the Imagined Community: Immigrant Diversity and Conceptions of National Identity. Political Psychology, 32(5): 837-862.