The impact of search engines on the hotel distribution value chain

  1. Serra Cantallops, Antoni
  2. Cardona, José Ramón
  3. Galbis Matarredonda, Marc
Revista:
Redmarka: revista académica de marketing aplicado

ISSN: 1852-2300

Año de publicación: 2013

Número: 10

Páginas: 19-54

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.17979/REDMA.2013.02.010.4798 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Redmarka: revista académica de marketing aplicado

Resumen

Internet is a very important sales channel for business in general, but it is becoming increasingly fundamental to the travel industry. The appearance of the Internet has increased the complexity of travel distribution and created new intermediaries and new means of distribution which in some cases have led to an increase in distribution costs. However, it has also made it much easier for suppliers to sell directly to consumers. We may say that the Internet has not only revolutionised the way that travel suppliers sell their products, but that it has also changed the way customers plan and book their travel, stimulating the creation of websites designed to satisfy the needs of online travellers. In this change in consumer behaviour, search engines have played, play and will continue to play a very important role. This document analyses the mass use of search engines and its impact on the value chain in travel distribution, the implications for each of the participants in the value chain, and the repercussions the changes are causing in the management of travel company websites which increasingly see search engines as their most important tool for direct sales to consumers.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Anckar, B. and Walden, P. (2000). Destination Maui? An exploratory assessment of the efficacy of self-booking in travel. Electronic Markets, 10(2), pp. 110-119.
  • Anckar, B. and Walden, P. (2002). Self-booking of high- and low-complexity travel products: exploratory findings. Information Technology and Tourism, 4(3/4), pp. 151-165.
  • Barnett, M. and Standing, C. (2001). Repositioning travel agencies on the internet. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(2), pp. 143-152.
  • Bennett, M. M. and Lai, C. W. K. (2005). The impact of the internet on travel agencies in Taiwan, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 6(1), pp. 8-23.
  • Beritelli, P., Bieger, T. and Laesser, C. (2007). The impact of the internet on information sources portfolios. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 22(1), pp. 63-80.
  • Bond, M. A., Furr, H. L. and Susskind, A. M. (1999). Predicting a behavioral profile of pleasure travelers on the basis of internet use segmentation. Journal of Travel Research, 37(4), pp. 333-341.
  • Bowden, J. (2007). The rise of the ICT-dependent home-based travel agents: mass tourism to mass travel entrepreneurship. Information Technology and Tourism, 9(2), pp. 79-97.
  • Brey, E. T., So, S. I., Kim, D. Y. and Morrison, A. M. (2007). Web-based permission marketing: Segmentation for the lodging industry. Tourism management, 28(6), pp. 1408-1416.
  • Brin, S. and Page, L. (1998). The anatomy of a large scale hypertextual web search engine. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 30(1-7), pp. 107-117.
  • Bronner, F. and de Hoog, R. (2011). Vacationers and eWOM: Who posts, and why, where, and what? Journal of Travel Research, 50(1), pp. 15-26.
  • Buhalis, D. (1998). Strategic use of information technologies in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 19(5), pp. 409-421.
  • Buhalis, D. (2004). eAirlines: strategic and tactical use of ICTs in the airline industry. Information and Management, 41(7), pp. 805-825.
  • Buhalis, D. and Kaldis, K. (2008). eEnabled internet distribution for small and medium sized hotels: the case of Athens. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(1), pp. 67-81.
  • Buhalis, D. and Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the internet -The state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29(4), pp. 609-623.
  • Buhalis, D. and Laws, E. (2001). Tourism distribution channels: Practices, issues and transformations. London: Continuum.
  • Buhalis, D. and Licata, M. C. (2002). The future eTourism intermediaries. Tourism Management, 23(3), pp. 207-220.
  • Buhalis, D. and O’Connor, P. (2005). Information communication technology revolutionizing tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(3), pp. 7-16.
  • Cai, L. A., Feng, R. and Breiter, D. (2004) Tourist purchase decision involvement and information preferences. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2), pp. 138–148.
  • Card, J. A., Chen, C-Y. and Cole, S. T. (2003). Online travel products shopping: Differences between shoppers and nonshoppers. Journal of Travel Research, 42(2), pp. 133-139.
  • Carroll, B. and Siguaw, J. (2003). The evolution of electronic distribution: Effects on hotels and intermediaries. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44(4), pp. 38-50.
  • Chevalier, J. A. and Mayzlin, D. (2006). The effect of word of mouth on sales: online book reviews. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(3), pp. 345–354.
  • Chircu, A. M. and Kauffman, R. J. (2000). Reintermediation strategies in businessto- business electronic commerce. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 4(4), pp. 7-42.
  • Christodoulidou, N., Brewer, P., Feinstein, A. H. and Bai, B. (2007). Electronic channels of distribution: Challenges and solutions for hotel operators. FIU Hospitality and Tourism Review, 25(2), pp. 92-100.
  • Christopher, M. (1991). Distribution and customer service. In Baker, M. (Edi.). The Marketing Book (2nd ed.). London: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Cline, R. (2001). The future of hospitality E-Business. Lodging Hospitality, 57(7), pp. 24-29.
  • Constantinides, E. (2002). The 4S Web-Marketing Mix model. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 1(1), pp. 57-76.
  • Copeland, D. G. and McKenney, J. L. (1988). Airline reservation systems: Lessons from history. MIS Quarterly, 12(3), pp. 353–570.
  • Courtmanche, J. (2000). The 2000 PhoCusWright Travel E-Commerce Survey. PhoCusWright Executive Conference, November 14.
  • Cristiaanse, E. and Zimmerman, R. (1999). Managing electronic channels: the KLM cargo cyberpets case. Journal of Information Technology, 14(2), pp.123-135.
  • Dabas, S. and Manaktola, K. (2007). Managing reservations through online distribution channels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19(5), pp. 388-396.
  • Dale, C. (2003). The competitive networks of tourism e-mediaries: new strategies, new advantages. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9(2), pp. 109-118.
  • Dolnicar, S. and Laesser, C. (2007). Travel agency marketing strategy: insights from Switzerland. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), pp. 133-146.
  • Dreze, X. and Hussherr, F. X. (2003). Internet advertising: Is anybody watching Journal of Interactive Marketing, 17(4), pp. 8-23.
  • Dunn, G. (2003). Making Cents out of Hospitality Distribution. Unpublished manuscript, William F.Harrah College of Hotel Administration, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas.
  • Emmer, R. M., Tauck, C., Wilkinson, S. and Moore, R. G. (1993). Marketing hotels using global distribution systems. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 34(6), pp. 80-89.
  • Emmer, R. M., Tauck, C., Wilkinson, S. and Moore, R. G. (2003). Marketing hotels using global distribution systems. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly,44(5/6), pp. 94-104.
  • Enz, C. A. (2003). Hotel pricing in a networked world. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration, 44(1), pp. 80-89.
  • Eyefortravel (2006). Search Engines: A new paradigm in the hotel distribution. Travel Distribution Summit Europe 2006, June 2006, Marc Galbis.
  • French, T. (1998). The future of global distribution systems. Travel and Tourism Analyst, (3), pp. 1-17.
  • Gilbert, D. C. and Powell-Perry, J. (2002). Exploring developments in web based relationship marketing within the hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 9(3/4), pp. 141-159.
  • Gilbert, D. C., Beveridge, D. W. and Lee-Kelley, L. (2005). Electronic distribution of hotel rooms -An exploratory study of the European hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 12(3), pp. 45-61.
  • Gregory, S. R., Kline, S. F. and Breiter, D. (2005). Group sales and marketing in convention hotels. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 18(1), pp. 67-77.
  • Grønflaten, Ø. (2009). The tourism information matrix- Differentiating between sources and channels in the assessment of travellers’ information search. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 9(1), pp. 39-64.
  • Gunter, B., Campbell, V., Touri, M. and Gibson, R. (2009). Blogs, news and credibility. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 61(2), pp. 185-204.
  • Gursoy, D. and McCleary, K. W. (2004). An integrative model of tourists’ information search behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), pp. 353–373.
  • Gursoy, D., Umbreit, W. T., 2004. Tourist information search behavior: crosscultural comparison of European Union member states. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23(1), pp. 55–70.
  • HeBS (2007a). Web 2.0 vs Search Engines: Are Search Engines Becoming Obsolete in the Web 2.0 frenzy?,[http://www.hospitalityebusiness.com/dyn/hebsReports_coll165.php].
  • HeBS (2007b). A Hotelier’s Guide to Budget Planning in ‘08 [http://www.hospitalityebusiness.com/dyn/hebsReports_coll170.php].
  • Helsel, C. and Cullen, K. (2005). Travel Search Engines Redefine Distribution. HEDNA White Paper Series, June.
  • Hennig-Thurau, T. and Walsh. G. (2003). Electronic Word-of-Mouth: Motives for and Consequences of Reading Customer Articulations on the Internet. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 8(2), pp. 51-74.
  • Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., Walsh, G. and Gremler, D. D. (2004). Electronic Word-of-Mouth via Consumer-Opinion Platforms: What Motivates Consumers to Articulate Themselves on the Internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(1), pp. 38-52.
  • Höchstötter, N. and Lewandowski, D. (2009). What users see –Structures in search engine results pages. Information Sciences, 179(12), pp. 1796-1812.
  • Huang, L., Chen, K-H. and Wu, Y-W. (2009). What kind of marketing distribution mix can maximize revenues: The Wholesaler travel agencies’ perspective? Tourism Management, 30(5), pp. 733-739.
  • Huang, L-S., Chou, Y-J. and Lan, I-T. (2007). Effects of Perceived Risk, Message Types, and Reading Motives on the Acceptance and Transmission of Electronic Word-of-Mouth communication. Contemporary Management Research, 3(4), pp. 299-312.
  • Hyde, K. F. (2006). Contemporary information search strategies of destinationnaive international vacationers. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 21(2/3), pp. 63-76.
  • iProspects. (2006). Search engine user behaviour study. Watertown, MA:iProspects.
  • Jansen, B. and Spink, A. (2006). How are we searching the World Wide Web? A comparison of nine search engine transaction logs. Information Processing and Management, 42(1), pp. 248-263.
  • Jansen, B., Brown, A. and Resnick, M. (2007). Factors elating to the decision to click on a sponsored link. Decision Support Systems, 44(1), pp. 46-59.
  • Järveläinen, J. and Jussi, P. (2004). Distrust of one’s own web skills: a reason for offline booking after online information search. Electronic Markets, 14(4), pp. 333-343.
  • Jeong, M. and Choi, J. (2004). Effects of picture presentations on customers’ behavioral intentions on the Web. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 17(2/3), pp. 193-204.
  • Jung, T. H., Louvieris, P. and Oppewal, H. (2002). Channel management strategy in the eCommerce environment- A portfolio management approach.Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, International Conference in Innsbruck, Austria.
  • Kang, B., Brewer, K. P. and Baloglu, S. (2007). Profitability and survivability of hotel distribution channels: An industry perspective. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 22(1), pp. 37-50.
  • Kärcher, K. (1996). The four Global Distribution Systems in the travel and tourism industry. Electronic Markets, 6(2), pp. 20-24.
  • Kasavana, M. L. and Singh, A. J. (2002). Online auctions: dynamic pricing and the lodging industry. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 9(3/4), pp. 127-140.
  • Kim, L. H., Kim, D. J. and Leong, J. K. (2005). The effect of perceived risk on purchase intention in purchasing airline tickets online. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 13(2), pp. 33-53.
  • Kim, W. G. and Kim, D. J. (2004). Factors affecting online hotel reservation intention between online and non-online customers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23(4), pp. 381-395.
  • Kolsaker, A., Lee-Kelley, L. and Choy, P. C. (2004). The reluctant Hong Kong consumer: Purchasing travel online. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 28(3), pp. 295-304.
  • Koo, B., Martin, B. and O’Connor, P. (2011). Online distribution of airline tickets: Should airlines adopt a single or a multi-channel approach?. Tourism Management, 32(1), pp. 69-74.
  • Kracht, J. and Wang, Y. (2010). Examining the tourism distribution channel: evolution and transformation. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(1), pp. 90-97.
  • Lastowka, F. (2002). Search engines under siege: Do paid placement listings infringe trademarks? Intellectual Property and Technology Law Journal, 14(7), pp. 1-7.
  • Law, R. (2009). Disintermediation of hotel reservations: The perception of different groups of online buyers in Hong Kong. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(6), pp. 766-772.
  • Law, R., Leung, K. and Wong, J. (2004). The impact of the internet on travel agencies. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(2), pp. 100-107.
  • Law, R., Leung, R. and Buhalis, D. (2009). Information technology applications in hospitality and tourism: a review of publications from 2005 to 2007. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 26(5/6), pp. 599-623.
  • Law, R., Qi, S. and Buhalis, D. (2010). Progress in tourism management: a review of website evaluation in tourism research. Tourism Management, 31(3), pp. 297-313.
  • Lin, P. J., Jones, E. and Westwood, S. (2009). Perceived risk and risk-relievers in online travel purchase intentions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 18(8), pp. 782-810.
  • Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E. and Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism Management, 29(3), pp. 458-468.
  • Louvieris, P., Jung, T. and Pandazis, G. (2001). Investigating the Web presence of London hotels. Proceedings of ENTER’2001 Conference, Montreal, Canada.
  • Luo, M., Feng, R. M. and Cai, L. (2005). Information search behavior and tourist characteristics. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 17(2/3), pp. 15-26.
  • Mack, R. W., Blose, J. and Pan, B. (2008). Believe it or not: credibility of blogs in tourism. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14(2), pp. 133-144.
  • Main, H. (2002). The expansion of technology in small and medium hospitality enterprises with a focus on net technology. Journal of Information Technology and Tourism, 4(3/4), pp. 167-175.
  • McIvor, R., O’Reilly, D. and Ponsonby, S. (2003). The impact of Internet Technologies on the airline industry: current strategies and future developments. Strategic Change, 12(1), pp. 31-47.
  • Medelyan, O., Milne, D., Legg, C. and Witten, I. H. (2009). Mining meaning from Wikipedia. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 67(9), pp. 716-754.
  • Miyazaki, A. D. and Fernandez, A. (2001). Consumer perceptions of privacy and security risks for online shopping. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35(1), pp. 27-44.
  • Morrison, A. M., Jing, S., O’Leary, J. T. and Cai, L. A. (2001). Predicting usage of the Internet for travel bookings: an exploratory study. Information Technology and Tourism, 4(1), pp. 15-30.
  • Murphy, H. C. (2003). The diversity of diffusion of information and communication Technologies in the hospitality and tourism sector: with particular reference to the small and medium hospitality enterprise. Doctoral thesis, University of Wales, Newport.
  • Murphy, H. C. and Kielgast, C. D. (2008). Do small and medium-sized hotels exploit search engine marketing? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(1), pp. 90-97.
  • Myung, E., Li, L. and Bai, B. (2009). Managing the distribution channel relationship with e-wholesalers: Hotel operatos’ perspective. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 18(8), pp. 811-828.
  • Nassar, .M. A. (2002). An evaluation of the World Wide Web (Web) as a strategic marketing tool for the Egyptian hotel sector. Doctoral thesis, University of Wales, Newport.
  • O’Connor, P. (2009a). Pay-per-click search engine advertising: are hotel trademarks being abused? Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 50(2), pp. 232- 244.
  • O’Connor, P. (2009b). Trademark infringement in pay-per-click advertising. In Bandyopadhyay, S. (Edi.). Contemporary Research in E-Branding. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 148-160.
  • O’Connor, P. and Frew, A. J. (2000). Evaluating electronic channels of distribution in the hotel sector: A Delphi study. Information Technology and Tourism, 3(3/4), pp. 177-193.
  • O’Connor, P. and Frew, A. J. (2002a). The future of direct retailing of travel and tourism products: the influence of information technology. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(1), pp. 1-15.
  • O’Connor, P. and Frew, A. J. (2002b). The future of hotel electronic distribution: Expert and Industry perspectives. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(3), pp. 33-46.
  • O’Connor, P. and Frew, A. J. (2004). An evaluation methodology for hotel electronic channels of distribution. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23(2), pp. 179-199.
  • O’Connor, P. and Murphy, J. (2004). Research on information technology in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23(4), pp. 473-484.
  • O’Connor, P. and Piccoli, G. (2003). Marketing hotels using global distribution systems revisited. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44(3), pp. 105-114.
  • Öörni, A. (2003). Consumer Search in Electronic Markets: An Experimental Analysis of Travel Services. European Journal of Information Systems, 12(1), pp. 30-40.
  • Öorni, A. and Klein, S. (2003). Electronic travel markets: Elusive effects on consumer’ search behavior. Information Technology and Tourism, 6(1), pp. 3-11.
  • Palmer, A. and McCole, P. (1999). The virtual re-intermediation of travel services: a conceptual framework and empirical investigation. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 6(1), pp. 33-47.
  • Pan, B. and Li, X. (2011). The long tail of destination image and online marketing. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(1), pp. 132-152.
  • Pan, B. and Fesenmaier, D. R. (2000). A Typology of Tourism-Related Web Sites: Its Theoretical Background and Implications. Information Technology and Tourism 3(3/4), pp. 155-166.
  • Pan, B. and Fesenmaier, D. R. (2006). Online information search: Vacation planning process. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), pp. 809-832.
  • Pan, B., Litvin, S. W. and O’Donnell, T. E. (2007). Understanding accommodation search query formulation: The first step in putting ‘heads in beds’. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13(4), pp. 371-381.
  • Pan, B., MacLaurin, T. and Crotts, J. (2007). Travel blogs and the implications for destination marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), pp. 35-45.
  • Park, C. and Lee, T. M. (2009). Information direction, website reputation and eWOM effect: A moderating role of product type. Journal of Business Research, 62(1), pp. 61-67.
  • Pearce, D. G. and Taniguchi, M. (2008). Channel performance in multi-channel tourism distribution systems? Journal of Travel Research, 46(3), pp. 256-267.
  • Pearce, D. and Schott, C. (2005). Tourism distribution channels: The visitors’ perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 44(1), pp. 50-63.
  • PhoCusWright, Online Travel Overview, Oct 2005 Pinkerton, B. (2000). WebCrawler: Finding What People Want. Doctoral thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
  • PriceWaterhouseCoopers (2006). How to maintain success in the online travel space. Hospitality Directions Europe Edition, Issue 14, November 2006.
  • Ratchford, B., Talukdar, D. and Lee, M. (2001). A Model of Consumer Choice of the Internet as an Information Source. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 5(3), pp. 7-21.
  • Sarkar, M., Butler, B. and Steinfield, C. (1998). Cybermediaries in electronic marketspace: toward theory building. Journal of Business Research, 41(3), pp. 215-221.
  • Sen, R. (2005). Optimal search engine marketing strategy. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 10(1), pp. 9-25.
  • Sen, S. and Lerman, D. (2007). Why are you telling me this? An examination into negative consumer reviews on the Web. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 21(4), pp. 76-94.
  • Shapiro, D. and Zillante, A. (2009). Naming your own price mechanisms: Revenue gain or drain? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 72(2), pp. 725-737.
  • Smith, A. D. and Rupp, W. T. (2004). E-traveling via information technology: an inspection of possible trends, Services Marketing Quarterly, 25(4), pp. 71-94.
  • Smith, C. and Jenner, P. (1998). Tourism and the Internet. Travel and Tourism Analyst, (1), pp. 62-81.
  • Sun, T., Youn, S., Wu, G. and Kuntaraporn, M. (2006). Online word-of-mouth (or mouse): An exploration of its antecedents and consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(4), pp. 1104-1127.
  • Susskind, A. M., Bonn, M. A. and Dev, C. S. (2003). To Look or Book: An Examination of Consumers Apprehensiveness toward Internet use. Journal of Travel Research, 41(3), pp. 256-264.
  • Truitt, L., Teye, V. and Farris, M. (1991). The role of Computer Reservation Systems: International implications for the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 12(1), pp. 21-36.
  • Tsay, A. A. and Agrawal, N. (2004). Channel conflict and coordination in the ecommerce age. Production and Operations Management, 13(1), pp. 93-111.
  • Tse, A. C. (2003). Disintermediation of travel agents in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(4), pp. 453-460.
  • Vermeulen, I. E. and Seegers, D. (2009). Tried and tested: The impact of online hotel reviews on consumer consideration. Tourism Management, 30(1), pp. 123-127.
  • Walle, A. (1999). Tourism and Internet: opportunities for direct marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 35(1), pp. 72-77.
  • Wang, Y. C. and Fesenmaier, D. R. (2004). Modeling Participation in an Online Travel Community. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3), pp. 261-270.
  • Wang, Y. C. and Qualls, W. (2007). Technology adoption by hospitality organizations: towards a theoretical framework. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(3), pp. 560-573.
  • Wang, Y. C., Yu, Q. and Fesenmaier, D. R. (2002). Defining the virtual tourist community: implications for tourism marketing. Tourism Management, 23(4), pp. 407-417.
  • Weber, K. and Roehl, W. (1999). Profiling people searching for and purchasing travel products on the World Wide Web. Journal of Travel Research 37(3), pp. 291-298.
  • Woodside, A. G. and King, R. I. (2001). An updated model of travel and tourism purchase-consumption systems. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 10(1), pp. 3-27.
  • Wynne, C. et al. (2001). The impact of the Internet on the distribution value chain: The case of the South African tourism industry. International Marketing Review, 18(4), pp. 420-431.
  • Xiang, Z. and Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), pp. 179-188.
  • Ye, Q., Law, R. and Gu, B. (2009). The impact of online user reviews on hotel room sales. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(1), pp.180-182.
  • Zehrer, A., Crotts, J. C. and Magnini, C. P. (2011). The perceived usuefulness of blog postings: An extensión of the expectanexpectancy-disconfirmation paradigm. Tourim Management, 32(1), pp. 106-113.