Proceso penal y justicia automatizada

  1. VICENTE C. GUZMÁN FLUJA
Revista:
Revista General de Derecho Procesal

ISSN: 1696-9642

Any de publicació: 2021

Número: 53

Tipus: Article

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Altres publicacions en: Revista General de Derecho Procesal

Resum

The so-called “automated justice” is gaining more and more ground in the criminal process. Thus, important decisions for the advancement of the criminal process and for the solution of the case are based, more and more frequently, on the results obtained through the automated treatment of personal data of the people involved in it. It is one more step on the path begun since the 70s of the 20th century with the automation of the location, collection, analysis and treatment of the traces, vestiges, elements and evidence related to crime and which serve to clarify and identify his author. Contrary to what it might seem, the evolution of artificial intelligence and its application to the criminal process has not determined a recent trend towards the so-called “automated justice”, but has increased and accelerated it quantitatively, but above all qualitatively, to investigation sources material and personal, subsequent sources of evidence, as well as objective data and subjective or personal data. All this represents an important transformation in the processing of the different phases of the criminal process. The automated treatment of various sources of investigation made it possible to refine the identification of the possible author of the criminal act, from there it has been extended to other sources of investigation and, finally, an automated "intelligent" treatment of the criminal case is being reached in its joint, with significance to subsequent prosecution (sources of evidence) and decision. "Digital forensics", "computer forensics", "mobile forensics" are today essential to investigate, prosecute and decide the criminal process, and enable work under "models of forensic intelligence" that involves the automated processing of massive data using increasingly more algorithms sophisticated that seek to improve the effectiveness of both criminal investigation and evidentiary activity in the oral trial and the final decision. The automation of the criminal process is unstoppable, inevitable, and can have advantages to achieve a fairer, more accessible, more efficient criminal justice. But it also implies threats to the rights and guarantees inherent in the criminal process, think of the right to fair trial or the presumption of innocence. This is how the Council of Europe has expressed itself and this is where EU Directive 680/2016 fits, which regulates, among other issues, the protection of personal data in criminal proceedings and whose article 11 prohibits decisions based solely on automated processing of personal data unless certain guarantees are given, obligatorily the guarantee of human intervention.. After an examination of the Directive, and the recent Preliminary Draft of the Organic Law for its transposition into the Spanish legal system, the problems of the concretion of "human intervention" are revealed: how, when and where should human intervention take place in the automated processing chain leading to a result or decision; and, since it is not possible to do without the human element, what must be done to guarantee that his intervention is material and not merely formal, that is, that he becomes a real participant in the decision and does not limit himself to uncritically validating the result or the decision that comes from automated processing.

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