El costalero en Huelvacomposición corporal y adecuación al trabajo

Abstract

The number of costaleros grows every year in the Andalusian geography. This work was carried out in the 50's by the so- called professionals, workers who had veiy good physical conditions due to the work of unloading materials they dead, most of them was dock workers (Burgos, 1972; Mellado, 2003; Gavaia, 2009; Navarro, 2011; López, 2015). Contrary to what happens nowaday, a day where the work of the portfolios is carried out by citizens whose far removed from the morphological profile a far from of the former (Sánchez Latorre, 2002; Gavaia, 2009; Navarro, 2011). The execution of the work of the costalero has a specificity that makes it different due to the place where the load (is placed 7th cervical vertebra), the way of moving, and the explosive form of lifting it. Therefore, specific preparation is required in order to be able to perform it in the best conditions (Altemir, 2002; Rodriguez, 2005; Gavaia, 2009; Baquero, 2014). The load varies a widely depending on the routes, since changes in the inclinations of the terrain, as well as the oscillations that occur in the distribution of the steps, make the supported weights to vary (Esquivias, 2012; Escribano, 2008; Gavaia, 2009) indicate that the costaleros of the Macarena of Seville support between 30-35 kilogramps (kg), Tirado et al (2003) indicated that costaleros of Cadiz support an average of 28 kg, and Altemir (2002) and Pardo (2005) prices the average weight that Cordovan and Sevillian costleros raise between 40-70 kg. But the most specific study of the same one was the one realized in Elche where sensors where placed and though the passage, the conclusión cached was that costaleros next to them these carried weights around 60 kg, with peaks up to 100 kg (Hortal et al., 2008). There critical moment in the costalero's work is undoubtedly the moment of the "lift". Explosive movement performed at the voice of the hammer in a coordinated way with costaleros, with the previous alignment of calcaneus, trochanter and 7th cervical vertebra, which implies that both knees have to be flexed, with the consequent suffering of the articular cartilages and ligaments due to compressive and shear forces (Escamilla, 2001; Góngora et al., 2003; Baquero, 2014). It must be taken into account that a projection of the kneecaps in front of the last phalange of the first metatarsal is damaging from the ligamentous point of view (Vázquez, 2015). Taking into account these factors explained and the nursing vision pursued by this doctoral thesis, it is important to try to recognize the individuals at risk of suffering harmful effects at the health level by performing this work. We can not forget that, according to Sánchez Latorre (2002) and Gavaia (2009), today’s costaleros have opposite physical conditions to those of old professionals, approaching weight states away from health. This is due to the effects of sedentarism and poor dietary habits that exist in the current population (Ocaña, 2015), making cardiovascular diseases to become a major cause of global mortality (WHO, 2016). Diseases whose first manifestation is usually the elevation bloo preassure, asymptomatic at an early age and without any clinical symptoms, but which initially affects the arterial walls causing chronic pathologies (Garcia et al., 2015). For this reason, it is important to identify fishermen who present risk morpho-physiological characteristics due to the intensity and specificity of such work, and for this purpose Bioelectrical Impedance (BIA) is undoubtedly one of the best methods for categorizing individuals at risk (Quesada Et al., 2016). Thanks to it, the quantity of muscular tissue and fat tissue is individually quantified, avoiding the appearance of false weight states of overweight, as it could happen if we base the categorization on anthropometric variables exclusively (weight, body mass index, hip waist index, etc.) (Martinez et al., 2014). Another important fact that gives us BIA is the quantification of basal metabolic rate, a key data when managing balanced diets (Rodriguez, 2014), and that distances it from the methods of calculation by means of predictive equations according to age, sex, Height and body measurements (Becerril et al, 2015).