La violencia y la victimización entre iguales :el rol del perdón y la venganza

Abstract

The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to analyze the influence of individual (forgiveness, revenge, loneliness, self-concept, and social anxiety), family (socialization styles, parental dimensions), school (school adjustment), and group (sociometric type) variables on the expression of violence and victimization among peers in adolescents. Study 1 examined the link between school victimization and school violence, taking into account the motivations of revenge, avoidance, and benevolence. Moreover, it explores the moderator effect of gender. The results show that victimization is positively related to school violence directly, and indirectly through the motivation for revenge. In addition, victimization is related to the motivations of avoidance and benevolence, although these motivations are not associated with school violence. The multigroup analysis indicates statistically significant differences between boys and girls in the relationship between victimization and benevolence. Study 2 analyzes the existing relationships between forgiveness, understood as a low motivation for revenge and avoidance and a high motivation for benevolence, loneliness, and school victimization, depending on the gender of the adolescents. The results show that the most victimized students present a higher motivation for revenge and avoidance, as well as a greater perception of emotional loneliness and a lower subjective evaluation of their social network. Furthermore, the results indicate that being a boy, being between 11 and 13 years old, and having a higher level of emotional loneliness and high avoidance motivation were the most important indicators of school victimization. Study 3 examines the relationship between the motivations of revenge, avoidance, and benevolence and school violence in adolescents, depending on the sociometric type in the classroom. The findings revealed that the rejected students had a greater motivation for revenge and greater involvement in the behavior of reactive violence, whereas the preferred students showed a greater predisposition to benevolence and less involvement in violent behaviors...