¿Cómo incorporar el análisis de los tiempos en la infancia?una revisión metodológica
-
1
Universidad Pablo de Olavide
info
-
2
Universidad de Sevilla
info
ISSN: 2531-0720
Year of publication: 2021
Issue Title: El tiempo en la infancia y la adolescencia
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 41-55
Type: Article
More publications in: Sociedad e Infancias
Abstract
The analysis of well-being in childhood continues to require the development of adequate theoretical and empirical frameworks for its measurement and evaluation from an expanded point of view. To this end, it is essential to consider traditionally overlooked issues, such as the uses that boys and girls make of their time. In this sense, the study of the activities to which they devote themselves maintains a direct relationship with their well-being, especially with regard to self-satisfaction and the acquisition of specific skills for present and future life. However, one of the biggest challenges in relation to this issue is the difficulty of its operationalization. In order to contribute to overcoming this challenge, this article seeks to review the main methodologies of analysis. Likewise, it seeks to delve into new methodologies for analyzing time use from a participatory perspective that puts boys and girls first. In doing so, it aims to open space for new mixed-methods approaches that transcend traditional quantitative approaches based on Time Use Surveys.
Bibliographic References
- Almeida, A. (2009). Para uma sociologia da infancia. Lisbon: ICS
- Alsaker, F.D., Flammer, A. (1999). The Adolescent Experience: European and American Adolescents in the 1990s. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Anderson, R.C., Wilson, P.T., Fielding, L.G. (1988). Growth in Reading and How Children Spend their Time Outside of School. Reading Research Quarterly 23(3): 285–303.
- Andresen, S., Fegter, S. (2011). Children growing up in poverty and their ideas on what constitutes a good life: Childhood studies in Germany. Child Indicators Research, 4 (1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-010-9073-3.
- Asmussen, L., Larson, R. (1991). The Quality of Family Time among Young Adolescents in Single-Parent and Married-Parent Families. Journal of Marriage and the Family 53(4): 1021–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353005
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, Department of Social Services, Australian Institute of Family Studies (2017). Study of Australian Children (LSAC) https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/18cf3989eb504be9ca25728a000e0046!OpenDocument
- Domínguez-Serrano, M. y Del Moral, L. (2018). From Relevant Capabilities to Relevant Indicators: Defining an Indicator System for Children´s Well-Being in Spain. Child Indicators Research 11, 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9415-x
- Del Moral, L., Domínguez-Serrano, M. y Gálvez-Muñoz, L. (2019). A Well-being of their own: Children’s perspectivas of well-being from the capabilities approach. Childhood 26 (1), 22-38.
- Barker, J., Weller, S. (2003). “Is it fun?” Developing children centred research methods. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 23(1/2), 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443330310790435
- Ben-Arieh, A., Ofir, A. (2002). Opinion, dialogue, review: Time for (more) time-use studies: Studying the daily activities of children. Childhood, 9(2), 225-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0907568202009002805
- Beresford, P. (2016). All our welfare: Towards participatory social policy. Bristol: Policy Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t88xgj
- Berger, J., Mohr, J. (1982). Another way of telling. London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society
- Bianchi, S.M., Robinson, J. (1997). What Did You Do Today? Use of Time, Family Composition, and the Acquisition of Social Capital. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59: 332-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353474
- Biggeri, M., Libanora, R., Mariani, S., Menchini, L. (2006). Children Conceptualizing their Capabilities: Results of a Survey Conducted during the First Children’s World Congress on Child Labour. Journal of Human Development, 7 (1), 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649880500501179
- Bloch, M. N. (1987). The Development of Sex Differences in Young Children’s Activities at Home: The Effect of Social Context. Sex Roles, 16: 279-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00289955
- Borzekowski, D.L.G., Robinson T.N. (1999). Viewing the viewers: Ten video cases of children’s television viewing behaviors. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 43(4):506–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838159909364507
- Burt, D.M., Kentridge, R.W., Good, J.M.M., Perrett, D.I., Tiddeman, B.P., Boothroyd, L.G. (2007). Q-cgi: new techniques to assess variation in perception applied to facial attractiveness. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences) 274 (1627): 2779–84.
- Busetta, G., Campolo, M. G., Di Pino, A. (2019). Children’s use of time and well-being in Italy. Child Indicators Research, 12(3), 821-845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12187-018-9567-y
- Carpenter, C., Huston, Aletha C., Spera, L. (1989). Children's Use of Time in Their Everyday Activities During Middle Childhood. En Bloch, Marianne N. and Pellegrini, Anthony D. (eds.) The Ecological Context of Children's Play. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing: 165-190.
- Charmes, J. (2015). Time Use Across the World: Findings of a World Compilation of Time Use Surveys. Human Development Report Office.
- Chatzitheochari, S., Fisher, K., Gilbert, E., Calderwood, L, Huskinson, T., Cleary, A., Gershuny, J. (2018). Using new technologies for time diary data collection: Instrument design and data quality findings from a mixed-mode pilot survey. Social indicators research, 137(1): 379–390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1569-5
- Christensen, P. and James, A. (eds.) (2000) Research with Children: Perspectives and Practices. Oxon/ New York: Routledge.
- Christensen, P., James, A., Jenks, C. (2000). Home and Movement: Children Constructing ‘Family Time’, in Holloway, S, Valentine, G, (eds) Children’s Geographies: Playing, Living, Learning. Routledge, London, 139-155.
- Coomaraswamy, P. (1998). Exploring Children’s Participation: the Sri Lankan Experience. En V. Johnson, et al. (eds.) Stepping Forward: Children and Young People’s Participation in the Development Process. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
- Cornwall, A., Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research?. Social Science & Medicine, 41(12):1667-1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-S
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Play and intrinsic rewards. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15(3):41–63 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_10
- Csikszentmihalyi, M., Kubey, R. (1981) Television and the rest of life: A systematic comparison of subjective experience. Public Opinion Quarterly 1981, 45:317–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/268667
- Csikszentmihalyi, M., Larson R. (1987). Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175 (9):526–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198709000-00004
- Darbyshire, P., MacDougall, C., Schiller, W. (2005). Multiple methods in qualitative research with children: more insight or just more?. Qualitative Research 5(4), 417–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468794105056921
- Dockett, S., Perry, B. (2005). “You need to know how to play safe”: children’s experiences of starting school. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 6(1), 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2005.6.1.7
- Duckett, E., Raffaelli, M., Richards, M. H. (1989). 'Taking Care': Maintaining the Self and the Home in Early Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18: 549-565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139073
- Dunne, L., McConnell, B. (2007). Implications of local research for young children, parents and professionals. Early Years Magazine (Early years – the organizations for young children, NIPPA, Belfast)
- Durant, R., Baranowski, T., Johnson, M., Thompson, W. (1994). The relationship among television watching, physical activity, and body composition of young children. Pediatrics, 94(4):449–455. [PubMed: 7936851]
- EANNA Encuesta de Actividades de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes (2013) Gobierno de Chile. Ministerio de Desarrollo Social. Observatorio social. www.ministeriodesarrollosocial.cl
- Ellis, G., Barry, J., Robinson, C. (2007). Many ways to say ‘‘no’’, different ways to say ‘‘yes’’: applying Q-methodology to understand public acceptance of wind farm proposals. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 50(4): 517–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640560701402075
- Fasoli, L. (2003). Reading Photographs of Young Children: looking at practices. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 4(1): 32-47.
- Fegter, S., Richter, M. (2014). Capability approach as a framework for research on children’s well-being. En B. Arieh, F. Casas, I. Frønes, and J. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of child well-being. New York: Springer: 739–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_151
- Fitzgerald, M., Joseph, A.P., Hayes, M., O’Regan, M. (1995). Leisure Activities of Adolescent Schoolchildren. Journal of Adolescents 18(3): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.1995.1024
- Gaitán Muñoz, L. (2006). Sociología de la infancia. Madrid: Síntesis.
- Gibbons, J.L., Lynn, M., Stiles, D.A. (1997). Cross-National Gender Differences in Adolescents. Preferences for Free-Time Activities’. Cross-Cultural Research, 31(1): 55–69.
- Gracia, P., García-Román, J. (2018). Child and Adolescent Developmental Activities and Time Use in Spain: The Gendered Role of Parents, Work Schedules and Education Levels. European Sociological Review, 34(5), 518-538.
- Gracia, P., Garcia‐Roman, J., Oinas, T., y Anttila, T. (2020). Child and Adolescent Time Use: A Cross‐National Study. Journal of Marriage and family, 82(4), 1304-1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12626
- Harrell, J.S., Gansky, S.A., Bradley, C.B., McMurray, R.G. (1997). Leisure Time Activities of Elementary School Children. Nursing Research 46(5): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199709000-00002
- Hart, R. (1992). Children’s Participation: From Tokenism to Citizenship, Earthscan/UNICEF, London.
- Hart, C. S. (2009). Quo vadis? the capability space and new directions for the philosophy of educational research. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 28 (5), 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11217-009-9128-4
- Hazel, N. (1996). Elicitation techniques with young people, Social Research, 12, University of Surrey.
- Hofferth, S. L., Sandberg, J. F. (2001). How American children spend their time. Journal of Marriage and family, 63(2), 295-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00295.x
- Holland, P. (1991). What is a child? London: Virago.
- Howarth, Ch., Mansfield, M., McCartney, C., Main, G. (2021). A Different Take: Reflections on an intergenerational participatory research project on child poverty. Social Work & Society, 18, Issue 3, 2020 ISSN 1613-8953.
- Hsin, A. (2006). Quantity versus Quality of Care: Maternal Employment, Children’s Time Use and Child Wellbeing, Los Angeles, CA: California Center for Population Research, University of California.
- Hsin, A. (2008). Children’s Time Use, Labour Divisions and Schooling in Indonesia. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(5): 1297-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00448.x
- Huston, A.C., Wright, J.C., Marquis, J., Green, S.B. (1999). How Young Children Spend Their Time: Television and Other Activities. Developmental Psychology 35(4): 912–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.4.912
- Ibrahim, H.M. (1988). Leisure among Young Saudi Males. International Review of Modern Sociology, 18: 57–60.
- Johnson, J. (2006). Children’s Perspectives on Their Young Lives: Report on Methods for Sub-Studies Peru Pilot, April 2006 (Young Lives Technical Notes). Young Lives.
- Juster, F.T. (1985). Conceptual and Methodological Issues Involved in the Measurement of Time Use. En F.T. Juster and F.P. Stafford (eds) Time, Goods, and Well Being. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research. 29:471–522
- Juster F.T. (1986). Response errors in the measurement of time use. Journal of American Statistical Association . 81(394):390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1986.10478283
- Juster, F.T. y Stafford, F.P. (1985). Introduction and Overview. En F.T. Juster and F.P. Stafford (eds) Time, Goods, and Well Being. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research. 29:1–18
- Juster, F.T.,Stafford, F.P. (1991). The Allocation of Time: Empirical Findings, Behavioral Models, and Problems of Measurement. Journal of Economic Literature 29: 471–522.
- Kellock, A., Lawthom, R. (2011). Sen’s capability approach: Children and well-being explored through the use of photography. M. Bigger, J. Ballet and F. Comim, Children and the Capability Approach. London: Palgrave. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230308374_6
- Kirova, A., Emme, M. (2006). Using photography as a means of phenomenological seeing: “doing phenomenology” with immigrant children. The Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology (Special issue) 6(sup1): 1–12. Available online at: [www.ipjp.org]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20797222.2006.11433934
- Kirshnit, C., Ham, E., Mark, Richards, M. H. (1989). The Sporting Life: Athletic Activities During Early Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(6): 601-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139076
- Kubey, R. W., Larson, R., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Experience sampling method: Application to communication research questions. Journal of Communications, 46:99-120.
- Lansdown, G. (2010). A Handbook of Children and Young People’s Participation. Perspectives from Theory and Practice. Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN.
- Larson, R. (1989). Beeping Children and Adolescents: A Method for Studying Time Use and Daily Experience. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18.6: 511-30.
- Larson, R., Richards, M.H. (1989). The changing life space of early adolescence. J Youth Adolescence, 18:501–509 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02139070
- Larson, R., Gillman, S., Richards, M. H. (1997). Divergent Experiences oO´Kf Family Leisure: Fathers, Mothers, and Young Adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(1): 78-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949784
- Larson, R., Kleiber, D. (1993). Daily Experience of Adolescents. En P.H. Tolan and B.J. Cohler (eds) Handbook of Clinical Research and Practice with Adolescents. New York: John Wiley.29 (1): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949784
- Larson, R., Kubey, R., Colletti, J. (1989). Changing Channels: Early Adolescent Media Choices and Shifting Investments in Family and Friends. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(6): 583-599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139075
- Larson, R., Verma, S. (1999). How Children and Adolescents Spend Time Across the World: Work, Play and Developmental Opportunities. Psychological Bulletin 125(6): –36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.701
- Leonard, M. (2006). Children’s drawings as a methodological tool: reflections on the eleven plus system in Northern Ireland. Irish Journal of Sociology 15(2): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160350601500204
- Leone, C.M., Richards, M. H. (1989). Classwork and Homework in Early Adolescence: The Ecology of Achievement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(6): 531-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139072
- Main, G. (2019). Money Matters: A Nuanced Approach to Understanding the Relationship between Household Income and Child Subjective Well-Being. Child Indicators Research, 12(4):1125-1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12187-018-9574-z
- Marshall, N.L., Coll, C.G., Marx F., McCartny, K., Keefe, N., Ruh, J. (1997). After-School Time and Children’s Behavioral Adjustment. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 43(3): 497–514.
- Mauldin, T., Meeks, C. B. (1990). Sex Differences in Children's Time Use. Sex Roles, 22(9-10): 537-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00288233
- Mauthner, M. (1997) Methodological Aspects of Collecting Data from Children: Lessons from three research projects. Children and Society, 11(1):16-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.1997.tb00003.x
- Mayall, B. (2000). Conversations with Children: working with generational issues. En P. Christensen and A. James (Eds) Research with Children: perspectives and practices. New York: Falmer Press: 120-135
- Mayall, B. (2002). Towards a Sociology for Childhood: Thinking from Children’s Lives, Buckingham: Open University Press.
- McKeown, B. Thomas, D. (1988). Q Methodology. London: SAGE. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412985512
- Medrich, E.A., Roizen, J., Rublin, V., Buckley, S. (1982). The Serious Business of Growing Up: A Study of Children’s Lives Outside of School. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Miles, G.M. (2000). Drawing together hope: ‘‘listening’’ to militarised children. Journal of Child Health Care 4(4): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136749350000400401
- Monna, B., Gauthier, A. H. (2008). A review of the literature on the social and economic determinants of parental time. Journal of family and economic issues, 29(4), 634-653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10834-008-9121-z
- Montemayor, R., Brownlee, J.R. (1987). Fathers, Mothers, and Adolescents: Gender-Based Differences in Parental Roles During Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16 (3): 281-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139095
- Morgan, M., Gibbs, S., Maxwell, K., Britten, N. (2002). Hearing children’s voices: methodological issues in conducting focus groups with children aged 7–11 years. Qualitative Research 2(5), 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468794102002001636
- Morrow, V. (2001). Using qualitative methods to elicit young people’s perspectives on their environments: some ideas for community health initiatives. Health Education Research. Theory & Practice, 16(3), 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/16.3.255
- Mullan, K. (2018). Technology and children’s screen-based activities in the UK: The story of the millennium so far. Child Indicators Research, 11(6), 1781-1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9509-0
- Munroe, R. H., Munroe, R.L., Shimmin, H.S. (1984). Children’s Work in Four Cultures: Determinants and Consequences. American Anthropologist. 86(2): 369-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1984.86.2.02a00120
- Muscroft ,S.(1999). Children’s Rights: Reality or Rhetoric?: The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: The First Ten Years. The International Save the Children Alliance, London.
- Nieuwenhuys, O. (1998). The Paradox of Child Labor and Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology 25(1): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.25.1.237
- Oakley, A. (1994). Women and Children First: Parallels and Differences between Children’s and Women’s studies. En B. Mayall (ed) Children’s Childhoods: Observed and Experienced. Falmer Press, London, pp.13-32.
- O’Kane, C. (2008). The Development of Participatory Techniques: Facilitating Children’s Views about Decisions Which Affect Them. En P. Christensen and A. James (eds.) Research with Children: Perspectives and Practices, pp.125-155. Oxon/ New York: Routledge.
- Peters, J.M., Haldeman, V.A. (1987). Time Used for Household Work: A Study of School-Age Children from Single-Parent, Two-Parent, One-Earner, and Two-Earner Families. Journal of Family Issues, 8(2): 212-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251387008002004
- Plewis, I., Creeser, A., Mooney, R. (1990). Reliability and Validity of Time Budget Data: Children’s Activities outside School. Journal of Official Statistics, 6: 411–19
- Poluha, E. (2004) The Power of Continuity: Ethiopia through the Eyes of ItsChildren. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
- Posner, J.K., Vandell D.L. (1999). After-School Activities and the Development of LowIncome Urban Children: A Longitudinal Study. Developmental Psychology, 35(3): 868–79.
- Prosser, J. (2000). The moral maze of image ethics. Available: http://www.education.leeds.ac.uk/~edujdp/image/moral_maze.html
- Prosser, J. y Schwartz, D. (1998). Photographs within the Sociological Research Process. En J. Prosser (Ed.) Image-based Research. A Sourcebook for Qualitative Researchers, London: RoutledgeFalmer: 115-130.
- Punch, S. (2001). Multiple Methods and Research relations with children in rural Bolivia. En Limb, M, Dwyer, C, (eds) Qualitative Methodologies for Geographers: Issues and Debates. Arnold, London, Prosser y Schwartz, 1998: 165-180.
- Qvortrup, J. (1999). Childhood and Societal Macrostructures: Childhood Exclusion by Default. Child and youth culture, 9. Working Paper.
- Rees, G. (2017). Children's activities and time use: Variations between and within 16 countries. Children and Youth Services Review, 80, 78-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.057
- Reynolds, P. (1991). Dance Civet Cat: Child Labour in the Zambezi Valley, Athens: University of Ohio Press.
- Robinson, J.P. (1985). The validity and reliability of diaries versus alternative time use measures. En: F.T. Juster, F.P. Stafford, editors. Time, goods, and well-being. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, 33-62.
- Robinson, J. P., Godbey, G. (1997). Time for life: The surprising ways Americans use their time. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
- Rodríguez, I. (2017). La participación de la población infantil en el ámbito de los métodos cuantitativos de investigación. Sociedad e Infancias, 1, 283-298. https://doi.org/10.5209/SOCI.55895.
- Sarmento, M.J. (2020). Foreward. En L. Gaitán, Y. Pechtelidis, Tomás C. y Fernandes N. (Ed.): Children´s Lives in Southern Europe. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham (UK).
- Sartain, S.A., Clarke, C.L., Heyman, R. (2000). Hearing the voices of children with chronic illness. Journal of Advanced Nursing 32(4): 913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01556.x
- Schildkrout, E. (2002). Age and Gender in Hausa Society: Socio-Economic Roles of Children in Urban Kano. Childhood 9(3): 344–68.
- Schratz, M. y Walker, R. (1995). Research as Social Change: new possibilities for qualitative research. London: Routledge.
- Sen, A. (1985). Commodities and Capabilities. Ed. Amsterdam.
- Sen, A. (1993). Capability and well-being. The Quality of Life 1(9): 30–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0198287976.003.0003
- Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28787-8_94
- Silvers, A., Florence, T.B., Rourke, D. L., Lorimor, R.J. (1994). How Children Spend Their Time: A Sample for Use in Exposure and Risk Assessments. Risk Analysis, 14(6): 931-944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00062.x
- Smith, E.A., Caldwell, L.L. (1989). The Perceived Quality of Leisure Experiences among Smoking and Nonsmoking Adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescents 9(1–2): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431689091012
- Solberg, A. (1996). The Challenge in Child Research: From ‘Being’ to ‘Doing’. En Brannen, M., and O’Brie, M., (eds) Children in Families: Research and Policy. Falmer Press, London. Schratz y Walker, 1995: 53 65
- Stewart, M.C., Sneddon, H., Dunne, L., Gildea, A., Sloan, S., McErlean, L., Iwaniec, D. (2007). Glad study summary and recomendations. Child Care in Practice 13(3): 271–80.
- Svennungsen, H., Allgood, E. (2006). Intensive Q-study on personal development using pictures: working paper. Paper presented at the International Society for the Scientific Study of Subjectivity Annual Conference, Trondheim, Norway.
- Taylor, P., Delprato, D.J. Knapp, J.R. (1994). Q-methodology in the study of child phenomenology. Psychological Record, 44(2): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03395126
- Thomas, N.P. (2017). Turning the tables: Children as researchers. En P. Christensen and A. James. Research with Children. London: Routledge (Third edition):160-179.
- Thomas, N., O’Kane, C. (1998). The Ethics of Participatory Research with Children. Children & Society, 12(5): 336–348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.1998.tb00090.x
- Timmer, S. G., Eccles, J., O'Brien, K. (1985). How Children Use Time. En F. T. Juster and F. P. Stafford (eds.) Time, Goods, and Well-Being. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Ch. 14.
- UNDP (2018). Time-use surveys and statistics in Asia and the Pacific A review o f challenges and future directions. International Labour Organization and United Nations Development Programme.
- United Nations (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. Geneva: UN http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/b588432f-en
- Van Manen, M. (1994). Researching lived experience. London, ON: Althouse Press.
- Vandewater, E., Sook-Jung Lee (2009) Measuring Children’s Media Use in the Digital Age: Issues and Challenges. NIH Public Access. Am Behav Sci. 2009 April 1; 52(8): 1152–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764209331539
- Verma, S., Kaur, S., Saraswathi, T.S. (1995). Measuring Time Use by University Students. The Indian Journal of Social Science, 8(1): 79–89
- Viráh, E. (2018) Children –as respondents in time use survey IATUR: 40th International Association for time Use Research Conference.
- Vogler, P., Morrow, V., Woodhead, M. (2009). Conceptualising and measuring children’s time use. Young Lives Technical Note 14, University of Oxford, Department of International. Development.
- Weidel, J. (1995). Being there: Using pictures to see the invisible. In M. Schratz and R. Walker (Eds.), Research as social change: New opportunities for qualitative research. New York: Routledge: 72-90.
- Wells, L. (1997). Photography: A critical introduction. London: Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315727370
- Whiting, E. (1988). Children of Different Worlds. The formation of social Behavior. London: Harvard University Press.
- Young, L., Barrett, H. (2001). Adapting Visual Methods: Action Research with Kampala Street Children, Area, 33(2):141-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4762.00017
- YoungLives (2017) https://www.younglives.org.uk/, acceso 24 de mayo de 2021.