Efecto de un programa de ejercicio físico sobre la condición física y la grasa visceral en personascon obesidad

  1. Walter Suárez Carmona 1
  2. José Antonio González Jurado 1
  3. Ricardo Manuel Simón Mora 1
  4. Antonio Jesús Sánchez Oliver 1
  1. 1 Universidad Pablo de Olavide
    info

    Universidad Pablo de Olavide

    Sevilla, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02z749649

Revista:
Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación

ISSN: 1579-1726,  1988-2041

Año de publicación: 2021

Número: 39

Páginas: 723-730

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.47197/RETOS.V0I39.78997 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación

Resumen

La obesidad se puede definir como un desequilibrio entre la ingesta de calorías y el gasto de energía con resultado del aumento de peso. Actualmente se acepta que la obesidad es uno de los principales problemas sociales y de salud en todo el mundo ysu prevalencia aumenta continuamente. La grasa visceral se considera un factor patogénico en la obesidad. Objetivo. Fue evaluar el efecto del entrenamiento concurrente sobre la condición física, la composición corporal y el área de grasa visceral en personas con obesidad. Métodos. 30 personas con obesidad participaron en este estudio. Realizaron un programa de entrenamiento concurrente adaptado y controlado durante ocho semanas. Se realizaron test de condición física (resistencia muscular, aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y flexibilidad)y de la composición corporal antes y después del período de intervención. Resultados. Se observó mejoría en variables de condición física relacionadas con la fuerza muscular, tanto en las extremidades superiores (brazo derecho p =.001 y brazo izquierdo p =.002) como en las inferiores (p = .001). También aumentó significativamente la velocidad de la marcha (p =.001) y la agilidad (p =.001). Todas las variables de composición corporal mejoraron significativamente. Mientras que la masa grasa, el peso, el IMC y el área de grasa visceral disminuyeron considerablemente (p < .001). La masa magra y masa muscular aumentaron significativamente (p =.001). Conclusión. El programa de entrenamiento concurrente mejora significativamente la composición corporal en personas obesas, que están relacionadas con los niveles de fuerza muscular mejorada y conduce a una disminución significativa de la grasa visceral.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Alberga AS, Prud’homme D, Sigal RJ, Goldfield GS, HadjiyannakisS, Phillips P...& Kenny GP. (2016). Effects of aerobic training,resistance training, or both on cardiorespiratory andmusculoskeletal fitness in adolescents with obesity: theHEARTY trial. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, andMetabolism, 41(3), 255-65. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0413.
  • Annibalini G, Lucertini F, Agostini D, Vallorani L, Gioacchini A,Barbieri E...& Stocchi V. (2017). Concurrent aerobic andresistance training has anti-inflammatory effects andincreases both plasma and leukocyte levels of IGF-1 in latemiddle-aged type 2 diabetic patients. Oxidative medicineand cellular longevity. 2017:3937842. doi: 10.1155/2017/3937842.
  • Antunes, B. M. M., Christofaro, D. G. D., Monteiro, P. A., Silveira,L. S., Fernandes, R. A., Mota, J., & Freitas Júnior, I. F. (2015).Effect of concurrent training on gender-specific biochemicalvariables and adiposity in obese adolescents. Archives ofEndocrinology and Metabolism, 59(4), 303-309. doi:10.1590/2359-3997000000095
  • Bae JY, Jang KS, Kang S, Han DH, Yang W & Shin KO. (2015).Correlation between basic physical fitness and pulmonaryfunction in Korean children and adolescents: a cross-sectionalsurvey. Journal of physical therapy science, 27(9), 2687-92.doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2687.
  • Blair SN & Brodney S. (1999). Effects of physical inactivity andobesity on morbidity and mortality: current evidence andresearch issues. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,31(11 Suppl):S646-62.
  • Borel AL, Nazare JA, Smith J, Alméras N, Tremblay A, BergeronJ...& Després JP. (2012). Visceral and not subcutaneous ab-dominal adiposity reduction drives the benefits of a 1 yearlifestyle modification program. Obesity, 20(6), 1223-33. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.396.
  • Browning MG, Bean MK, Wickham EP, Stern M & Evans RK.(2015). Cardiometabolic and fitness improvements in obesegirls who either gained or lost weight during treatment. TheJournal of pediatrics, 166 (6), 1364-9. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.011.
  • Brunelli DT, Chacon-Mikahil MP, Gaspari AF, Lopes WA,Bonganha V, Bonfante IL...& Cavaglieri CR. (2015).Combined Training Reduces Subclinical Inflammation inObese Middle-Age Men. Medicine and science in sportsand exercise, 47 (10), 2207-15. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000658.
  • Campos RMS, de Mello MT, Tock L, Silva PL, Masquio DCL, dePiano A...& Dâmaso AR. (2014). Aerobic plus resistancetraining improves bone metabolism and inflammation inadolescents who are obese. The Journal of Strength &Conditioning Research, 28(3), 758-66. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a996df.
  • Chehreh MEG, Shamsoddini A & Rahimi M. (2020). The Effectsof Resistance Training on Body and Liver Fat Stores andInsulin Resistance in Peoples with Non-Alcoholic Fatty LiverDisease. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(3), 614-6.
  • Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioralsciences. Second Edition ed. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. ErlbaumAssociates, 20-27.
  • Colato, A., Abreu, F., Medeiros, N., Lemos, L., Dorneles, G., Ramis,T., . . . Peres, A. (2014). Effects of concurrent training oninflammatory markers and expression of CD4, CD8, and HLA-DR in overweight and obese adults. Journal of ExerciseScience and Fitness, 12(2), 55-61. doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2014.06.002
  • Dâmaso AR, da Silveira Campos RM, Caranti DA, de Piano A,Fisberg M, Foschini D...& de Mello MT. (2014). Aerobicplus resistance training was more effective in improving thevisceral adiposity, metabolic profile and inflammatory markersthan aerobic training in obese adolescents. Journal of sportssciences, 32(15), 1435-45. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.900692.
  • Da Silva Medeiros, N., De Abreu, F. G., Colato, A. S., De Lemos, L.S., Ramis, T. R., Dorneles, G. P., . . . Dani, C. (2015). Effects ofconcurrent training on oxidative stress and insulin resistancein obese individuals. Oxidative Medicine and CellularLongevity, 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/697181
  • Diabetes Prevention Program Research G. (2002) The DiabetesPrevention Program (DPP): description of lifestyle intervention.Diabetes care, 25(12), 2165-71.
  • Donma O & Donma MM. (2020). Assessment of ObesityParameters in Terms of Metabolic Age above and belowChronological Age in Adults. International Journal ofMedical and Health Sciences, 14, 65-8. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3669299
  • El-Kader SMA, Al-Jiffri OH & Al-Shreef FM. (2015). Aerobicexercises alleviate symptoms of fatigue related toinflammatory cytokines in obese patients with type 2 diabe-tes. African health sciences, 15(4), 1142-8. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v15i4.13.
  • Erikssen G. (2001). Physical fitness and changes in mortality: thesurvival of the fittest. Sports medicine, 31(8), 571-6.
  • García González, A., & Froment, F. (2017). Beneficios de la activi-dad física sobre la autoestima y la calidad de vida de perso-nas mayores (Benefits of physical activity on self-esteemand quality of life of older people). Retos, (33), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.50969
  • Guerra RS, Amaral TF, Sousa AS, Fonseca I, Pichel F & RestivoMT. (2017). Comparison of jamar and bodygrip dynamometersfor handgrip strength measurement. The Journal of Strength& Conditioning Research, 31(7), 1931-40. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001666.
  • Guicciardi, M., Lecis, R., Massidda, D., Corgiolu, L., Porru, A.,Pusceddu, M., & Spanu, F. (2019). Mixed effects of a six-month supervised exercise program in overweight andmoderately obese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. LifeSpan and Disability, 22(2), 205-221.
  • Guillen Pereira, L., Bueno Fernandez, E., Gutierrez Cruz, M., &Guerra Santiesteban, J. (2017). Programa de actividad física ysu incidencia en la depresión y bienestar subjetivo de adultos mayores (Impact of a physical activity program on olderadults’ depression and subjective well-being). Retos, (33),14-19. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.49638
  • Haberka M, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Biedroñ M, Szóstak-Janiak K,Partyka M, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M...& G¹sior Z. (2018).Obesity, visceral fat, and hypertension-related complications.Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 16, 521-9.doi:10.1089/met.2018.0062
  • Haddad L, Hawkes C, Webb P, Thomas S, Beddington J, WaageJ...& Flynn D. (2016). A new global research agenda forfood. Nature, 540(7631), 30-2. doi:10.1038/540030a
  • Hamasaki H, Kawashima Y, Tamada Y, Furuta M, Katsuyama H,Sako A...& Yanai H. (2015). Correction: Associations of low-intensity resistance training with body composition and lipidprofile in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. PloS one,10(8):e0137154. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137154.
  • Huck CJ. (2015). Effects of supervised resistance training onfitness and functional strength in patients succeedingbariatric surgery. The Journal of Strength & ConditioningResearch, 29(3), 589-95. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000667.
  • Ismail I, Keating SE, Baker MK & Johnson NA. (2012). Asystematic review and meta analysis of the effect of aerobicvs. resistance exercise training on visceral fat. Obesityreviews, 13(1), 68-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00931.x.
  • Janochova K, Haluzik M & Buzga M. (2019). Visceral fat andinsulin resistance – what we know? Biomedical Papers,163(1), 19-27. doi: 10.5507/bp.2018.062.
  • Johnson NA, Sachinwalla T, Walton DW, Smith K, ArmstrongA, Thompson MW...& George J. (2009). Aerobic exercisetraining reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obeseindividuals without weight loss. Hepatology, 50(4), 1105-12.doi: 10.1002/hep.23129
  • Loturco I, Tricoli V, Roschel H, Nakamura FY, Abad CCC, KobalR...& González-Badillo JJ. (2014). Transference of traditionalversus complex strength and power training to sprint perfor-mance. Journal of human kinetics, 41, 265-73. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0054
  • Lynch NA, Nicklas BJ, Berman DM, Dennis KE & Goldberg AP.(2001). Reductions in visceral fat during weight loss andwalking are associated with improvements in VO(2 max).Journal of Applied Physiology, 90(1), 99-104.
  • McLaughlin T, Lamendola C, Liu A & Abbasi F. (2011). Preferentialfat deposition in subcutaneous versus visceral depots isassociated with insulin sensitivity. The Journal of ClinicalEndocrinology & Metabolism, 96(11), E1756-E60. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0615
  • Mendelson M, Michallet AS, Monneret D, Perrin C, Estève F,Lombard PR...& Flore P. (2015). Impact of exercise trainingwithout caloric restriction on inflammation, insulin resistanceand visceral fat mass in obese adolescents. Pediatric obesity,10(4), 311-9. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.255
  • Meseguer Zafra, M., García-Cantó, E., Rodríguez García, P. L.,Pérez-Soto, J. J., Tárraga López, P. J., Rosa Guillamón, A., &Tarraga López, M. L. (2018). Influencia de un programa deejercicio físico terapéutico sobre el consumo máximo de oxí-geno en adultos con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Clíni-ca e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis, 30(3), 95-101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2017.11.003
  • Miranda-Aguilar, D., Valdés-Badilla, P., Herrera-Valenzuela, T.,Guzmán-Muñoz, E., Magnani Branco, B., Méndez-Rebolledo,G., & López-Fuenzalida, A. (2019). ¿Bandas elásticas o equi-pos de gimnasio para el entrenamiento de adultos mayores?(Elastic bands or gym equipment for the training of olderadults?). Retos, 37(37), 370-378. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.73009
  • Mohamed SA, Lamya N, Nejlaoui O & Hamda M. (2015). Effectsof High-Impact Aerobics vs. mixed Low-Impact Aerobicsand Strength Training Program on Body composition,physical fitness and CVD Risk factors in Overweight andObese Grade I Women. The Journal of sports medicine andphysical fitness. 57(3). doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.05857-X
  • Monteiro PA, Chen KY, Lira FS, Saraiva BTC, Antunes BMM,Campos EZ...& Freitas IF Jr. (2015). Concurrent and aerobicexercise training promote similar benefits in body compositionand metabolic profiles in obese adolescents. Lipids in healthand disease, 14, 153. doi: 10.1186/s12944-015-0152-9
  • Mora-Rodríguez R, Sanchez-Roncero A, Fernández-Elías VE,Guadalupe-Grau A, Ortega JF, Dela F...& Helge JW. (2016).Aerobic exercise training increases muscle water content inobese middle-age men. Medicine & Science in Sports &Exercise, 48(5), 822-8. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000848
  • Moreno B, Crujeiras AB, Bellido D, Sajoux I & Casanueva FF.(2016). Obesity treatment by very low-calorie-ketogenic dietat two years: reduction in visceral fat and on the burden ofdisease. Endocrine, 54(3), 681-90. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-1050-2
  • Munhoz RdSC, Moreira CE, da Silva Leão P, Landi DCM, Cam-pos FC, Pelissari ACK...& Dâmaso AR. (2019). The effect ofaerobic plus resistance training associated with a long-terminterdisciplinary weight loss program on visceral fat andisokinetic parameters in adolescents with obesity. The Journalof sports medicine and physical fitness. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09857-8
  • Myers J, Kaykha A, George S, Abella J, Zaheer N, Lear S...&Froelicher V. (2004). Fitness versus physical activity patternsin predicting mortality in men. The American journal of me-dicine, 117(12), 912-8.
  • Noble BJ, Borg GA, Jacobs I, Ceci R & Kaiser P. (1983). A category-ratio perceived exertion scale: relationship to blood and musclelactates and heart rate. Medicine and Science in Sports andExercise. 15(6):523-528.
  • Nuzzo JL. (2019). The Case for Retiring Flexibility as a MajorComponent of Physical Fitness. Sports Medicine, 1-18. doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01248-w
  • Ogwumike OO, Arowojolu AO & Sanya AO. (2011). Effects of a12-week endurance exercise program on adiposity andflexibility of Nigerian perimenopausal and postmenopausalwomen. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 26(2),199-206.
  • O.M.S. (2020a). Organización Mundial de la Salud: Obesidad ysobrepeso. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
  • O.M.S. (2020b). Organización Mundial de la Salud: Temas deSalud. Obesidad. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/topics/obesity/es/
  • Ong HL, Abdin E, Chua BY, Zhang Y, Seow E, Vaingankar JA...&Subramaniam M. (2017). Hand-grip strength among olderadults in Singapore: a comparison with international normsand associative factors. BMC geriatrics, 17(1), 176. doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0565-6
  • Pugh, J. K., Faulkner, S. H., Turner, M. C., & Nimmo, M. A. (2018).Satellite cell response to concurrent resistance exercise andhigh-intensity interval training in sedentary, overweight/obese, middle-aged individuals. European Journal of AppliedPhysiology, 118(2), 225-238. doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3721-y
  • Ramos RM, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Asano RY, Prado RCR, Silveira R,Urtado CB...& de Oliveira Assumpção C. (2019). Impact ofModerate Aerobic Training on Physical Capacities ofHypertensive Obese Elderly. Gerontology and GeriatricMedicine, 5(2333721419859691). doi: 10.1177/2333721419859691
  • Rikli RE & Jones CJ. (1999). Development and validation of afunctional fitness test for community-residing older adults.Journal of aging and physical activity, 7(2), 129-61. doi:10.1123/japa.7.2.129
  • Robertson RJ, Goss FL, Rutkowski J, Lenz B, Dixon C, TimmerJ...& Andreacci J. (2003). Concurrent validation of the OMNIperceived exertion scale for resistance exercise.Psichobiology and Behavioral Sciences, 35(2), 333-41. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000048831.15016.2A
  • Roekenes J, Strømmen M, Kulseng B & Martins C. (2015). Theimpact of feet callosities, arm posture, and usage of electrolytewipes on body composition by bioelectrical impedanceanalysis in morbidly obese adults. Obesity facts, 8(6), 364-72.doi: 10.1159/000442033
  • Ryan AS. (2016). Improvements in insulin sensitivity after aerobicexercise and weight loss in older women with a history ofgestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrineresearch, 41(2), 132-41. doi: 10.3109/07435800.2015.1094087
  • Sampath Kumar A, Arun Maiya G, Shastry BA, Vaishali K, MaiyaS & Umakanth S. (2019). Correlation between basal metabolicrate, visceral fat and insulin resistance among type 2 diabe-tes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes andMetabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 13(1),344-8. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.10.005
  • Sekizuka H & Miyake H. (2020). Visceral fat accumulation as arisk factor for coronary heart diseases among a Japaneseoccupational population. Obesity Medicine, 18. doi: 10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100200
  • Sheikholeslami-Vatani, D., Siahkouhian, M., Hakimi, M., & Ali-Mohammadi, M. (2015). The effect of concurrent trainingorder on hormonal responses and body composition in obesemen. Science and Sports, 30(6), 335-341. doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2015.06.005
  • Shephard, R. J. (1988). PAR-Q, Canadian Home Fitness Test andexercise screening alternatives. Sports medicine, 5(3), 185-195.
  • Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Stodden DF & Lubans DR.(2016). Mediating effects of resistance training skillcompetency on health-related fitness and physical activity:The ATLAS cluster randomised controlled trial. Journal ofsports, 34(8), 772-9. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1069383
  • Soori, R., Ravasi, A. A., Azarmohammad, R., Ranjbar, K., &Pournemati, P. (2020). Effects of 12 weeks concurrent aerobicand resistance training on serum vaspin and C-reactiveprotein levels in obese middle-aged men. Koomesh, 22(2),365-371.
  • Suárez-Carmona W, Sánchez-Oliver AJ & González-Jurado JA.(2017). Fisiopatología de la obesidad: Perspectiva actual.Revista chilena de nutrición, 44(3), 226-33. Doi: 10.4067/s0717-75182017000300226
  • Suárez-Carmona W & Sánchez-Oliver AJ. (2018). Índice de masacorporal: ventajas y desventajas de su uso en la obesidad.Relación con la fuerza y la actividad física. Nutrición Clíni-ca, 12, 128-39. doi: 10.7400/NCM.2018.12.3.5067
  • Szeszulski J, Lorenzo E, Arriola A & Lee RE. (2020). Community-Based Measurement of Body Composition in HispanicWomen: Concurrent Validity of Dual-and Single-FrequencyBioelectrical Impedance. The Journal of Strength &Conditioning Research. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003483
  • Tian Y, Jiang C, Wang M, Cai R, Zhang Y, He Z...& McNaughtonLR. (2016). BMI, leisure-time physical activity, and physicalfitness in adults in China: results from a series of nationalsurveys, 2000–14. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology,4(6), 487-97. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)00081-4
  • Timmons JF, Minnock D, Hone M, Cogan KE, Murphy JC &Egan B. (2018). Comparison of time matched aerobic,resistance, or concurrent exercise training in older adults.Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,28(11), 2272-2283. doi: 10.1111/sms.13254
  • Trampisch US, Franke J, Jedamzik N, Hinrichs T & Platen P.(2012). Optimal Jamar dynamometer handle position to assessmaximal isometric hand grip strength in epidemiologicalstudies. The Journal of hand surgery, 37(11), 2368-73. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.08.014
  • Van Aggel-Leijssen DPC, Saris WHM, Wagenmakers AJM,Senden JM & Van Baak MA. (2002). Effect of exercise trainingat different intensities on fat metabolism of obese men.Journal of applied physiology, 92(3), 1300-9.
  • Varela-Moreiras G, Ruiz E, Valero T, Ávila JM & del Pozo S. (2013).The Spanish diet: an update. Nutrición hospitalaria, 28Suppl 5, 13-20. doi: 10.3305/nh.2013.28.sup5.6914
  • Wang L, Mascher H, Psilander N, Blomstrand E & Sahlin K.(2011). Resistance exercise enhances the molecular signalingof mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance exercisein human skeletal muscle. Journal of applied physiology,111(5), 1335-44. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00086.2011
  • Winters-Stone KM, Dieckmann N, Maddalozzo GF, Bennett JA,Ryan CW, Beer TM & editors. (2015). Resistance exercisereduces body fat and insulin during androgen-deprivationtherapy for prostate cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 42(4),348-56. doi: 10.1188/15.ONF.348-356
  • Zhang H, Tong TK, Qiu W, Zhang X, Zhou S, Liu Y...& He Y.(2017). Comparable Effects of High-Intensity Interval Trainingand Prolonged Continuous Exercise Training on AbdominalVisceral Fat Reduction in Obese Young Women. Journal ofDiabetes Research, 2017:5071740. doi: 10.1155/2017/5071740
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet