Hip and thigh muscular activity in professional soccer players during an isometric squat with andwithout controlled hip contraction

  1. Francisco José Berral de la Rosa
  2. Gabriel Rojas Quinchavil 1
  3. Pablo Venegas Jeldrez 2
  4. Oscar Valencia
  5. Rodrigo Guzmán Venegas
  6. Oscar Florencio Araneda 4
  7. Andres Felipe Flores Leon 3
  1. 1 Clínica Integramédica
  2. 2 Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad
  3. 3 Universidad de Los Andes
    info

    Universidad de Los Andes

    Bogotá, Colombia

    ROR https://ror.org/02mhbdp94

  4. 4 Universidad Pablo de Olavide
    info

    Universidad Pablo de Olavide

    Sevilla, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02z749649

Revista:
Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación

ISSN: 1579-1726 1988-2041

Año de publicación: 2021

Número: 39

Páginas: 697-704

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.47197/RETOS.V0I39.82024 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

The purpose of the present investigation was twofold 1) To compare the hip and thigh muscular activity of professional soccerplayers when performing the isometric squat with and without controlled hip contraction; 2) To determine the muscular relationshipsthat take place during these methods of execution of the exercise. Methods: 11 healthy male professional soccer players, randomlyperformed three modalities of isometric squat at a 60° knee flexion: conventional squat (SQ), squat with hip abduction contraction (SQ-ABD) and squat with hip adduction contraction (SQ-ADD), controlled at 70% of 1 maximum repetition. The activity of the gluteusmedius (GM), tensor fasciae latae (TFL), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), semitendinosus (ST) and biceps femoris (BF) wasobtained through surface electromyography. Hip (GM/TFL), quadriceps (VM/VL) hamstrings (ST/BF), and hamstrings/quadriceps (H/Q) ratios were analyzed. Results: GM increases in SQ-ABD and SQ-ADD compared to SQ (p<.01). The TFL, VL, SM and BF muscleshave significantly higher activity in SQ-ADD compared to SQ (p<.05). The VL, VM and BF muscles significantly increase their activityin SQ-ADD compared to SQ-ABD (p <0.05). GM/TFL, VM/VL and ST/BF do not show significant differences between the threeisometric squat methods. The H/Q ratio was higher in SQ-ABD and SQ-ADD compared to SQ (p<.01). Conclusion: The squat with hipadduction contraction in a controlled manner increases the muscular activity of the hip and thigh. Performing this combined maneuver canhave benefits in sports training and rehabilitation because it increases the H/Q ratio of soccer players

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Ali Khan, M. M., Siddiqui, A. A., Yaqoob, U., Yaqub, M. D.,Khan, O. J., & Ul-Haq, F. (2018). Post-football Gonathrosis:Injuries and Surgeries are A Risk. Cureus, 10(7), e2953.doi:10.7759/cureus.2953
  • Ardern, C. L., Pizzari, T., Wollin, M. R., & Webster, K. E. (2015).Hamstrings strength imbalance in professional football (soccer)players in Australia. J Strength Cond Res, 29(4), 997-1002.doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000747
  • Babadi, N., Roostayi, M. M., Rahimi, A., Baghban, A. A., Sarmadi,A., & Roostaei, H. (2018). The effect of different hip rotationangles on electromyography activity of the quadriceps muscleduring closed kinetic chain tasks in healthy females. J PhysTher Sci, 30(8), 1112-1116. doi:10.1589/jpts.30.1112
  • Baffa, A. P., Felicio, L. R., Saad, M. C., Nogueira-Barbosa, M. H.,Santos, A. C., & Bevilaqua-Grossi, D. (2012). QuantitativeMRI of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and gluteus mediusmuscle workload after squat exercise: comparison betweensquatting with hip adduction and hip abduction. J Hum Kinet,33, 5-14. doi:10.2478/v10078-012-0039-z
  • Baratta, R., Solomonow, M., Zhou, B. H., Letson, D., Chuinard,R., & D’Ambrosia, R. (1988). Muscular coactivation. The roleof the antagonist musculature in maintaining knee stability. AmJ Sports Med, 16(2), 113-122. doi:10.1177/036354658801600205
  • Barra, C. M. S. M., Cabezas, G. R., & Gajardo, J. T. (2020).Propuesta de modelo predictivo de lesión en base a descriptoresanatómicos y biofuncionales que se relacionan con la inestabi-lidad articular en rodilla y tobillo en jugadores de baloncesto noprofesionales. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educaciónfísica, deporte y recreación(39), 257-263.
  • Barton, C. J., Kennedy, A., Twycross-Lewis, R., Woledge, R.,Malliaras, P., & Morrissey, D. (2014). Gluteal muscle activationduring the isometric phase of squatting exercises with andwithout a Swiss ball. Phys Ther Sport, 15(1), 39-46.doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.02.006
  • Bazyler, C. D., Beckham, G. K., & Sato, K. (2015). The use of theisometric squat as a measure of strength and explosiveness. JStrength Cond Res, 29(5), 1386-1392. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000751
  • Beers, A., Ryan, M., Kasubuchi, Z., Fraser, S., & Taunton, J. E.(2008). Effects of Multi-modal Physiotherapy, Including HipAbductor Strengthening, in Patients with Iliotibial Band FrictionSyndrome. In Physiother Can (Vol. 60, pp. 180-188).
  • Bevilaqua-Grossi, D., Monteiro-Pedro, V., de Vasconcelos, R. A.,Arakaki, J. C., & Bérzin, F. (2006). The effect of hip abductionon the EMG activity of vastus medialis obliquus, vastus lateralislongus and vastus lateralis obliquus in healthy subjects. In JNeuroengineering Rehabil (Vol. 3, pp. 13).
  • Bianchi, F. P., Veneziani, V., Cantalice, M. A., Notarnicola, A., &Tafuri, S. (2018). Epidemiology of injuries among Italianfootballers: the role of the playing field. Inj Prev. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042968
  • Borg, G. (1990). Psychophysical scaling with applications inphysical work and the perception of exertion. Scand J WorkEnviron Health, 16 Suppl 1, 55-58.
  • Brady, C. J., Harrison, A. J., Flanagan, E. P., Haff, G. G., & Comyns,T. M. (2018). A Comparison of the Isometric Midthigh Pulland Isometric Squat: Intraday Reliability, Usefulness, and theMagnitude of Difference Between Tests. Int J Sports PhysiolPerform, 13(7), 844-852. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0480
  • Burgess, K. E., Connick, M. J., Graham-Smith, P., & Pearson, S. J.(2007). Plyometric vs. isometric training influences on tendonproperties and muscle output. Journal of strength andconditioning research, 21(3), 986.
  • Cheatham, S. W., Stull, K. R., Fantigrassi, M., & Montel, I. (2018).Hip Musculoskeletal Conditions and Associated Factors ThatInfluence Squat Performance: A Systematic Review. J SportRehabil, 27(3), 263-273. doi:10.1123/jsr.2016-0246
  • Chen, S., Chang, W. D., Wu, J. Y., & Fong, Y. C. (2018).Electromyographic analysis of hip and knee muscles duringspecific exercise movements in females with patellofemoralpain syndrome: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore),97(28), e11424. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000011424
  • Cheung, R. T., Smith, A. W., & Wong del, P. (2012). H:q ratios andbilateral leg strength in college field and court sports players. JHum Kinet, 33, 63-71. doi:10.2478/v10078-012-0045-1
  • Cichanowski, H. R., Schmitt, J. S., Johnson, R. J., & Niemuth, P.E. (2007). Hip strength in collegiate female athletes withpatellofemoral pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39(8), 1227-1232.doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3180601109
  • Contreras, B., Vigotsky, A. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., Beardsley, C., &Cronin, J. (2016). A Comparison of Gluteus Maximus, BicepsFemoris, and Vastus Lateralis Electromyography Amplitudein the Parallel, Full, and Front Squat Variations in Resistance-Trained Females. J Appl Biomech, 32(1), 16-22. doi:10.1123/jab.2015-0113
  • Coqueiro, K. R., Bevilaqua-Grossi, D., Berzin, F., Soares, A. B.,Candolo, C., & Monteiro-Pedro, V. (2005). Analysis on theactivation of the VMO and VLL muscles during semisquatexercises with and without hip adduction in individuals withpatellofemoral pain syndrome. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 15(6),596-603. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.03.001
  • De Ste Croix, M., ElNagar, Y. O., Iga, J., Ayala, F., & James, D.(2017). The impact of joint angle and movement velocity onsex differences in the functional hamstring/quadriceps ratio.Knee, 24(4), 745-750. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2017.03.012
  • Dedinsky, R., Baker, L., Imbus, S., Bowman, M., & Murray, L.(2017). Exercises that facilitate optimal hamstring andquadriceps co-activation to help decrease acl injury risk inhealthy females: a systematic review of the literature. Int JSports Phys Ther, 12(1), 3-15.
  • Dierks, T. A., Manal, K. T., Hamill, J., & Davis, I. S. (2008).Proximal and distal influences on hip and knee kinematics inrunners with patellofemoral pain during a prolonged run. JOrthop Sports Phys Ther, 38(8), 448-456. doi:10.2519/jospt.2008.2490
  • Dinc, E., Kilinc, B. E., Bulat, M., Erten, Y. T., & Bayraktar, B.(2017). Effects of special exercise programs on functionalmovement screen scores and injury prevention inpreprofessional young football players. J Exerc Rehabil, 13(5),535-540. doi:10.12965/jer.1735068.534
  • Dix, J., Marsh, S., Dingenen, B., & Malliaras, P. (2018). Therelationship between hip muscle strength and dynamic kneevalgus in asymptomatic females: A systematic review. PhysTher Sport. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.05.015
  • Dorgo, S., Edupuganti, P., Smith, D. R., & Ortiz, M. (2012).Comparison of lower body specific resistance training on thehamstring to quadriceps strength ratios in men and women.Res Q Exerc Sport, 83(2), 143-151. doi:10.1080/02701367.2012.10599844
  • Drake, D., Kennedy, R., & Wallace, E. (2018). Familiarization,validity and smallest detectable difference of the isometric squattest in evaluating maximal strength. J Sports Sci, 36(18), 2087-2095. doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1436857
  • Driban, J. B., Hootman, J. M., Sitler, M. R., Harris, K. P., & Cattano, N. M. (2017). Is Participation in Certain SportsAssociated With Knee Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review. JAthl Train, 52(6), 497-506. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-50.2.08
  • Earl, J. E., Schmitz, R. J., & Arnold, B. L. (2001). Activation of theVMO and VL during dynamic mini-squat exercises with andwithout isometric hip adduction. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 11(6),381-386.
  • Eliassen, W., Saeterbakken, A. H., & van den Tillaar, R. (2018).Comparison of bilateral and unilateral squat exercises on barbellkinematics and muscle activation. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 13(5),871-881.
  • Escamilla, R. F. (2001). Knee biomechanics of the dynamic squatexercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33(1), 127-141.
  • Felicio, L. R., de Carvalho, C. A. M., Dias, C., & Vigário, P. D. S.(2019). Electromyographic activity of the quadriceps andgluteus medius muscles during/different straight leg raise andsquat exercises in women with patellofemoral pain syndrome.J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 48, 17-23. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.05.017
  • Felicio, L. R., Dias, L. A., Silva, A. P., Oliveira, A. S., & Bevilaqua-Grossi, D. (2011). Muscular activity of patella and hipstabilizers of healthy subjects during squat exercises. Rev BrasFisioter, 15(3), 206-211.
  • Fernandes, G. S., Parekh, S. M., Moses, J., Fuller, C., Scammell,B., Batt, M. E., . . . Doherty, M. (2018). Prevalence of kneepain, radiographic osteoarthritis and arthroplasty in retiredprofessional footballers compared with men in the generalpopulation: a cross-sectional study. Br J Sports Med, 52(10),678-683. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097503
  • Flaxman, T. E., Alkjaer, T., Simonsen, E. B., Krogsgaard, M. R., &Benoit, D. L. (2017). Predicting the Functional Roles of KneeJoint Muscles from Internal Joint Moments. Med Sci SportsExerc, 49(3), 527-537. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001125
  • Flores-León, A. F., Alonso, C., Guzmán-Venegas, R., Araneda, O.F., & Berral de la Rosa, F. J. (2018). Centro de presión ypatrones de actividad muscular durante la ejecución de unasentadilla monopodal isométrica realizada sobre una superfcieesponjosa en mujeres jóvenes sanas. Revista andaluza de me-dicina del deporte, 11(4), 6.
  • Fredericson, M., Cookingham, C. L., Chaudhari, A. M., Dowdell,B. C., Oestreicher, N., & Sahrmann, S. A. (2000). Hip abductorweakness in distance runners with iliotibial band syndrome.Clin J Sport Med, 10(3), 169-175.
  • Fujisawa, H., Suzuki, H., Yamaguchi, E., Yoshiki, H., Wada, Y., &Watanabe, A. (2014). Hip muscle activity during isometriccontraction of hip abduction. Journal of Physical TherapyScience, 26(2), 187-190.
  • González, J. R., Moreno-Arrones, L. J. S., Bretones, A. R., & deVillarreal Sáez, E. S. (2018). Efectos a corto plazo de un pro-grama de entrenamiento de sobrecarga excéntrica sobre el rendi-miento físico en jugadores de fútbol de élite U-16. Retos: nue-vas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación(33),106-111.
  • Grygorowicz, M., Michalowska, M., Walczak, T., Owen, A.,Grabski, J. K., Pyda, A., . . . Kotwicki, T. (2017). Discussionabout different cut-off values of conventional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio used in hamstring injury prediction amongprofessional male football players. PLoS One, 12(12),e0188974. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188974
  • Hae-rim, H., Jeong-ah, K., One-bin, L., Heon-seock, C., & Chung-hwi, Y. (2015). Effects of Different Types of Isometric HipContraction on Gluteus Medius and Tensor Fasciae LataeActivity During Squat Exercises. Physical Therapy Korea,22(3), 71-80.
  • Hammami, M., Negra, Y., Billaut, F., Hermassi, S., Shephard, R. J.,& Chelly, M. S. (2018). Effects of Lower-Limb StrengthTraining on Agility, Repeated Sprinting With Changes ofDirection, Leg Peak Power, and Neuromuscular Adaptationsof Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res, 32(1), 37-47.doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001813
  • Hermens, H. J., Freriks, B., Disselhorst-Klug, C., & Rau, G. (2000).Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors andsensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 10(5),361-374.
  • Hislop, A. C., Collins, N. J., Tucker, K., Deasy, M., & Semciw, A.I. (2019). Does adding hip exercises to quadriceps exercisesresult in superior outcomes in pain, function and quality of lifefor people with knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review andmeta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099683
  • Hodges, P. W., & Richardson, C. A. (1993). The influence ofisometric hip adduction on quadriceps femoris activity. ScandJ Rehabil Med, 25(2), 57-62.
  • Hyong, I. H. (2015). Effects of squats accompanied by hip jointadduction on the selective activity of the vastus medialisoblique. J Phys Ther Sci, 27(6), 1979-1981. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.1979
  • Ireland, M. L., Willson, J. D., Ballantyne, B. T., & Davis, I. M.(2003). Hip strength in females with and without patellofemoralpain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 33(11), 671-676. doi:10.2519/jospt.2003.33.11.671
  • Jimenez-Reyes, P., Samozino, P., Garcia-Ramos, A., Cuadrado-Penafiel, V., Brughelli, M., & Morin, J. B. (2018). Relationshipbetween vertical and horizontal force-velocity-power profilesin various sports and levels of practice. PeerJ, 6, e5937.doi:10.7717/peerj.5937
  • Kim, D., Unger, J., Lanovaz, J. L., & Oates, A. R. (2016). TheRelationship of Anticipatory Gluteus Medius Activity toPelvic and Knee Stability in the Transition to Single-Leg Stance.Pm r, 8(2), 138-144. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.06.005
  • Lee, J. W. Y., Mok, K. M., Chan, H. C. K., Yung, P. S. H., & Chan,K. M. (2018). Eccentric hamstring strength deficit and poorhamstring-to-quadriceps ratio are risk factors for hamstringstrain injury in football: A prospective study of 146professional players. J Sci Med Sport, 21(8), 789-793.doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.11.017
  • Leventer, L., Eek, F., Hofstetter, S., & Lames, M. (2016). InjuryPatterns among Elite Football Players: A Media-based Analysisover 6 Seasons with Emphasis on Playing Position. Int J SportsMed, 37(11), 898-908. doi:10.1055/s-0042-108201
  • Lim, H. Y., & Wong, S. H. (2018). Effects of isometric, eccentric, orheavy slow resistance exercises on pain and function inindividuals with patellar tendinopathy: A systematic review.Physiotherapy Research International, 23(4), e1721.
  • Madueño, A. F., de Hoyo Lora, M., Boza, S. R., Cortés, J. M., &Corrales, F. d. B. S. (2014). Varo y valgo de rodilla en cambiosde dirección como factor de riesgo de lesión. Retos: nuevastendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación(26), 176-177.
  • Mathew, K., & Pillarisetty, L. S. (2020). Anatomy, Bony Pelvisand Lower Limb, Thigh Semitendinosus Muscle. In StatPearls[Internet]: StatPearls Publishing.
  • McBeth, J. M., Earl-Boehm, J. E., Cobb, S. C., & Huddleston, W.E. (2012). Hip muscle activity during 3 side-lying hip-strengthening exercises in distance runners. J Athl Train, 47(1),15-23.
  • McCurdy, K., Walker, J., & Yuen, D. (2018). Gluteus Maximusand Hamstring Activation During Selected Weight-BearingResistance Exercises. J Strength Cond Res, 32(3), 594-601.doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001893
  • Miao, P., Xu, Y., Pan, C., Liu, H., & Wang, C. (2015). Vastusmedialis oblique and vastus lateralis activity during a double-leg semisquat with or without hip adduction in patients withpatellofemoral pain syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet Disord,16, 289. doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0736-6
  • Millán, C. G., del Coso Garrigós, J., Vicén, J. A., del Campo, R. L.,del Pozo, D. G., & Martín, J. J. S. (2014). Cambios en la fuerzade miembros inferiores tras un mesociclo de pretemporada enfutbolistas semiprofesionales. Retos: nuevas tendencias eneducación física, deporte y recreación(26), 52-55.
  • Motomura, Y., Tateuchi, H., Nakao, S., Shimizu, I., Kato, T., Kondo,Y., & Ichihashi, N. (2019). Effect of different knee flexionangles with a constant hip and knee torque on the muscleforces and neuromuscular activities of hamstrings and gluteusmaximus muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol, 119(2), 399-407.doi:10.1007/s00421-018-4032-7
  • Navacchia, A., Bates, N. A., Schilaty, N. D., Krych, A. J., & Hewett,T. E. (2019). Knee abduction and internal rotation momentsincrease ACL force during landing through the posterior slopeof the tibia. Journal of Orthopaedic Research®, 37(8), 1730-1742.
  • Nishiwaki, G. A., Urabe, Y., & Tanaka, K. (2006). EMG Analysisof Lower Extremity Muscles in Three Different Squat Exercises.J Jpn Phys Ther Assoc, 9(1), 21-26. doi:10.1298/jjpta.9.21
  • Pangrazio, O., & Forriol, F. (2016a). Epidemiology of injuriessustained by players during the 16th Under-17 South AmericanSoccer Championship. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol, 60(3),192-199. doi:10.1016/j.recot.2015.12.002
  • Pangrazio, O., & Forriol, F. (2016b). Epidemiology of soccer playerstraumatic injuries during the 2015 America Cup. In MusclesLigaments Tendons J (Vol. 6, pp. 124-130).
  • Park, H.-j., & Cho, S.-H. (2016). Effect of Hip Flexion and InternalRotation on the Hip Abductor Muscle Activity During Side-Lying Hip Abduction in Subjects With Gluteus MediusWeakness. Physical Therapy Korea, 23(3), 57-67.
  • Powers, C. M. (2003). The influence of altered lower-extremitykinematics on patellofemoral joint dysfunction: a theoreticalperspective. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 33(11), 639-646.doi:10.2519/jospt.2003.33.11.639
  • Raya-González, J., Piqueras, P. G., & Sánchez-Sánchez, J. (2018).Aplicación de un programa de fuerza con carga excéntrica en lareadaptación de una lesión de ligamento lateral interno de larodilla. Estudio de caso. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educa-ción física, deporte y recreación, 33, 157-161.
  • Rio, E., Purdam, C., Girdwood, M., & Cook, J. (2019). IsometricExercise to Reduce Pain in Patellar Tendinopathy In-Season: IsIt Effective «on the Road»? Clinical Journal of Sport Medici-ne, 29(3), 188-192.
  • Robinson, R. L., & Nee, R. J. (2007). Analysis of hip strength infemales seeking physical therapy treatment for unilateralpatellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther,37(5), 232-238. doi:10.2519/jospt.2007.2439
  • Rowe, J., Shafer, L., Kelley, K., West, N., Dunning, T., Smith, R.,& Mattson, D. J. (2007). Hip strength and knee pain in females.N Am J Sports Phys Ther, 2(3), 164-169.
  • Ruas, C. V., Brown, L. E., Lima, C. D., Costa, P. B., & Pinto, R. S.(2018). Effect of Three Different Muscle Action TrainingProtocols on Knee Strength Ratios and Performance. J StrengthCond Res, 32(8), 2154-2165. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002134
  • Spahn, G., Grosser, V., Schiltenwolf, M., Schroter, F., & Grifka, J.(2015). Football as risk factor for a non-injury-related kneeosteoarthritis - results from a systematic review andmetaanalysis. Sportverletz Sportschaden, 29(1), 27-39.doi:10.1055/s-0034-1385731
  • Stastny, P., Lehnert, M., Zaatar, A., Svoboda, Z., Xaverova, Z., &Pietraszewski, P. (2015). The Gluteus Medius Vs. ThighMuscles Strength Ratio and Their Relation toElectromyography Amplitude During a Farmer’s Walk Exercise.J Hum Kinet, 45, 157-165. doi:10.1515/hukin-2015-0016
  • Styles, W. J., Matthews, M. J., & Comfort, P. (2016). Effects ofStrength Training on Squat and Sprint Performance in SoccerPlayers. J Strength Cond Res, 30(6), 1534-1539. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001243
  • Suarez-Arrones, L., Saez de Villarreal, E., Nunez, F. J., Di Salvo, V.,Petri, C., Buccolini, A., . . . Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2018). In-season eccentric-overload training in elite soccer players: Effectson body composition, strength and sprint performance. PLoSOne, 13(10), e0205332. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205332
  • Tang, S. F., Chen, C. K., Hsu, R., Chou, S. W., Hong, W. H., & Lew,H. L. (2001). Vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralisactivity in open and closed kinetic chain exercises in patientswith patellofemoral pain syndrome: an electromyographic study.Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 82(10), 1441-1445. doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.26252
  • Thomson, C., Krouwel, O., Kuisma, R., & Hebron, C. (2016). Theoutcome of hip exercise in patellofemoral pain: A systematicreview. Man Ther, 26, 1-30. doi:10.1016/j.math.2016.06.003
  • Trammell, A. P., & Pilson, H. (2019). Anatomy, Bony Pelvis andLower Limb, Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle. In StatPearls.Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls PublishingStatPearls PublishingLLC.
  • Valencia, O., Cristi, I., Ahumada, D., Meza, K., Salas, R., Weinstein,A., & Venegas, R. G. (2020). El impacto inicial con antepiéincrementa la actividad muscular del gastrocnemios durante lacarrera. Un estudio cuantitativo de actividad electromiográfica.Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recrea-ción(38), 271-275.
  • Van Hooren, B., & Zolotarjova, J. (2017). The Difference BetweenCountermovement and Squat Jump Performances: A Reviewof Underlying Mechanisms With Practical Applications. JStrength Cond Res, 31(7), 2011-2020. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001913
  • Wada, O., Gamada, K., Aoyama, N., Mizuno, K., & Iwasaki, Y.(2019). A difference in rotational alignment of the tibio-femoraljoint after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction betweenthe bone-patellar tendon-bone and semitendinosus-gracilisgrafts. Clinical Biomechanics, 65, 45-50.
  • Waly, S. M., Asfour, S. S., & Khalil, T. M. (2003). Effects ofwindow size and load on estimated myoelectric signal powerspectrum. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 44(4), 595-610. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-8352(02)00237-1
  • Willcox, E. L., & Burden, A. M. (2013). The influence of varyinghip angle and pelvis position on muscle recruitment patternsof the hip abductor muscles during the clam exercise. J OrthopSports Phys Ther, 43(5), 325-331. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4004
  • Wu, H. W., Tsai, C. F., Liang, K. H., & Chang, Y. W. (2019). Effectof Loading Devices on Muscle Activation in Squat and Lunge.J Sport Rehabil, 1-19. doi:10.1123/jsr.2018-0182
  • Yu, C., Shao, S., Baker, J. S., & Gu, Y. (2018). Comparing thebiomechanical characteristics between squat and standing servesin female table tennis athletes. PeerJ, 6, e4760. doi:10.7717/peerj.4760