Credibilidad e implicaciones éticas de las redes sociales para los jóvenes
- De Frutos Torres, Belinda 1
- Pastor Rodríguez, Ana
- Cruz-Díaz, Rocío
-
1
Universidad de Valladolid
info
ISSN: 1138-5820
Ano de publicación: 2021
Número: 79
Tipo: Artigo
Outras publicacións en: Revista Latina de Comunicación Social
Resumo
Introduction: social networks are scenarios overload with information, tutorial, recommendations, jokes, advertising, fake news, and other contents which do not always reach the desirable quality standards in mass media. Learning to handle in this environment is essential to maintain a critical and informed citizenship, particularly among the youngest. This research focuses on the opinion about the content that circulates on social networks and the credibility and trust generated. Methodology: a correlational study is run with 935 participants between 18 and 25 years old selected by snowball process that filled an on-line questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis identifies four dimensions that assess the implications of social media. Results and Discussion: those who are more identified with the controversial vision and lack of objectivity of social media show a higher level of trust in the sources of information on the Internet and lower trust levels in the news that appears in the profile feed. Sharing the vision of the social media as an alternative channel to be informed is associated with giving greater confidence to the news content of social media, to the recommendations of unknown users and influencers. Conclusions: young people have a vision of the implication of social media that reflects some of the problems that have arisen in this space of interaction. The recommendation is to maintain a critical attitude towards the social media content.
Referencias bibliográficas
- Ahmed, S. (2021). Who inadvertently shares deepfakes? Analyzing the role of political interest, cognitive ability, and social network size. Telematics and Informatics, 57(October 2020), 101508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101508
- Archer, M. (2012). The reflexive imperative in late modernity. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139108058
- Ardèvol-Abreu, A. y Gil De Zúñiga, H. (2017). Effects of Editorial Media Bias Perception and Media Trust on the Use of Traditional, Citizen, and Social Media News. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(3), 703–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016654684
- Ayala-López, M. C. L. y Santamaría, P. P. (2019). Motivations of youth audiences to content creation and dissemination on social network sites. Estudios Sobre El Mensaje Periodistico, 25(2), 915–933. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.64816
- Babaei, M., Chakraborty, A., Kulshrestha, J., Redmiles, E. M., Cha, M. y Gummadi, K. P. (2019, January). Analyzing biases in perception of truth in news stories and their implications for fact checking. In Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 139-139).
- Bennett, W. L. y Pfetsch, B. (2018). Rethinking Political Communication in a Time of Disrupted Public Spheres. Journal of Communication, 68(2), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx017
- Bernal-Triviño, A. y Clares-Gavilán, J. (2019). Uso del móvil y las redes sociales como canales de verificación de fake news. El caso de Maldita.es. El Profesional de La Información, 28(3). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.12
- Blanco Alfonso, I., García Galera, C. y Tejedor Calvo, S. (2019). El impacto de las fake news en la investigación en Ciencias Sociales. Revisión bibliográfica sistematizada. Historia y Comunicación Social, 24(2), 449–469. https://doi.org/10.5209/hics.66290
- Buckingham, D. (2019). Teaching media in a “post-truth” age: Fake news, media bias and the challenge for media/digital literacy education. Cultura y Educacion, 31(2), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2019.1603814
- Carrigan, M. (2017). Flourishing or fragmenting amidst variety: And the digitalization of archive. In M. Archer (Ed.), Morphogenesis and Human Flourishing (pp. 163-183). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49469-2_8
- Casero-Ripollés, A. (2012). Beyond newspapers: News consumption among young people in the digital era. Comunicar, 20(39), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.3916/C39-2012-03-05
- Chan, M. pui S., Jones, C. R., Hall Jamieson, K. y Albarracín, D. (2017). Debunking: A Meta-Analysis of the Psychological Efficacy of Messages Countering Misinformation. Psychological Science, 28(11), 1531–1546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617714579
- Cheng, X., Fu, S. y de Vreede, G. J. (2017). Understanding trust influencing factors in social media communication: A qualitative study. International Journal of Information Management, 37(2), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.11.009
- Chien, S. H., Chen, Y. H. y Wu, J. J. (2013). Building online transaction trust through a two-step flow of information communication. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 16(4), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198x.2013.10845646
- De Frutos-Torres, B. y Pastor-Rodríguez, A. (2021). ¿Seguimos confiando en las redes sociales? Un Estudio sobre la valoración de las redes y su publicidad en Sierra Sánchez y Barrientos Báez (Coord), Cosmovisión de la comunicación en redes sociales en la era postdigital. MCGraw-Hill, 1141-1158.
- De-Frutos-Torres, B., Pastor-Rodríguez, A. y Martín-García, N. (2021). Consumo de las plataformas sociales en internet y escepticismo a la publicidad. El Profesional de La Información, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.mar.04
- De keersmaecker, J. y Roets, A. (2017). ‘Fake news’: Incorrect, but hard to correct. The role of cognitive ability on the impact of false information on social impressions. Intelligence, 65(October), 107–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2017.10.005
- De Salas Nestares, M. I. (2010): La publicidad en las redes sociales: de lo invasivo a lo consentido. Icono 14, 15, 75-84.
- Dechêne, A., Stahl, C., Hansen, J. y Wänke, M. (2010). The truth about the truth: A meta-analytic review of the truth effect. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(2), 238–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309352251
- Edelman (2020). Edelman Trust Barometer 2020. Edelman Holdings Inc. https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2020-01/2020EdelmanTrustBarometerGlobalReport.pdf?utm_campaign=Global:TrustBarometer2020&utm_source=Website
- Edelman (2021). Edelman Trust Barometer 2021. Edelman Holdings Inc. https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2021-01/2021-edelman-trust-barometer.pdf
- European Commission (Ed.) (2018). The multi-dimensional approach to disinformation: Report of the Independend High Level Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation. Publications Office of the European Union. https://bit.ly/396MJxO
- Feijoo-Fernández, B., Sádaba-Chalezquer, C. y Bugueño-Ipinza, S. (2020). Anuncios entre vídeos, juegos y fotos. Impacto publicitario que recibe el menor a través del teléfono móvil. El Profesional de La Información, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.nov.30
- Ferrés, J. y Piscitelli, A. (2012). La competencia mediática: propuesta articulada de dimensiones e indicadores. Media Compe tence. Articulated Proposal of Dimensions and Indicators. Comunicar, 38, 75-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/C38-2012-02-08
- Freire, F. C. (2008). Las redes sociales trastocan los modelos de los medios de comunicación tradicionales. (Spanish). The Impacts of Post-Media Networks on the Traditional Media. (English), 11(63), 277–286.
- Gangadharbatla, H., Bright, L. F. y Logan, K. (2014). Social Media and News Gathering: Tapping into the Millennial Mindset. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 3(1), 45–63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278784913_Social_Media_and_News_Gathering_Tapping_into_the_Millennial_Mindset
- García-Jiménez, A., López-de-Ayala López, M. C. y Montes-Vozmediano, M. (2020). Características y percepciones sobre el uso de las plataformas de redes sociales y dispositivos tecnológicos por parte de los adolescentes. ZER - Revista de Estudios de Comunicación, 25(48), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.21556
- Gilbert, D. T. (1991). Gillbert (How Mental Systems Believe).PDF. In American Psychologist (Vol. 46, pp. 107–119).
- Golob, T., Makarovi, M. y Rek, M. (2021). Meta-reflexividad para la resiliencia contra la desinformación Meta-reflexivity for resilience against disinformation. Comunicar, 66, 107-118. https://doi.org/10.3916/C66-2021-09
- Gómez Nieto, B. (2018). El influencer: herramienta clave en el contexto digital de la publicidad engañosa. Methaodos Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 6(1), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.17502/m.rcs.v6i1.212
- Gutiérrez-Martín, A., Torrego-González, A. y Vicente-Mariño, M. (2019). Media education with the monetization of YouTube: The loss of truth as an exchange value. Cultura y Educacion, 31(2), 267–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2019.1597443
- Hall, S., Evans, J. y Nixon, S. (2013). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. Sage. https://bit.ly/3jmh6
- Hasher, L., Goldstein, D. y Toppino, T. (1977). Frequency and the conference of referential validity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16(1), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80012-1
- IAB. (2021). Estudio de Redes Sociales 2021. https://iabspain.es/estudio/estudio-de-redes-sociales-2021/
- Johnson, H. M. y Seifert, C. M. (1994). Sources of the Continued Influence Effect: When Misinformation in Memory Affects Later Inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1420–1436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.6.1420
- Kong, Q. (2021). Motivación y percepción de los universitarios de Hong Kong sobre noticias en las redes sociales Motivation and perception of Hong Kong university students about social media news. Comunicar, 67, 35–45.
- Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N. y Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Supplement, 13(3), 106–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018
- López-de-Ayala, M.-C., Vizcaíno-Laorga, R. y Montes-Vozmediano, M. (2020). Hábitos y actitudes de los jóvenes ante las redes sociales: influencia del sexo, edad y clase social. El Profesional de La Información, 29(6), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.nov.04
- López-De-ayala, M. C., García-Jiménez, A. y Pastor-Ruiz, Y. (2021). Differentiated uses of social networking platforms among young people in the autonomous region of Madrid. Social Sciences, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040114
- López-Aguado, M. y Gutiérrez-Provecho, L. (2019). Cómo realizar e interpretar un análisis factorial exploratorio utilizando SPSS. REIRE Revista d Innovació i Recerca En Educació, 12 (2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1344/reire2019.12.227057
- Martens, H. y Hobbs, R. (2015). How media literacy supports civic engagement in a digital age. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 23(2), 120-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2014.9616
- Masip, P., Aran-Ramspott, S., Ruiz-Caballero, C., Suau, J., Almenar, E. y Puertas-Graell, D. (2020). Consumo informativo y cobertura mediática durante el confinamiento por el Covid-19: sobreinformación, sesgo ideológico y sensacionalismo. El Profesional de La Información, 29(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.12
- Masip, P., Guallar, J., Suau, J., Ruiz-Caballero, C. y Peralta, M. (2015). News and social networks: audience behavior/ Información de actualidad y redes sociales: comportamiento de las audiencias. El Profesional de La Información, 24(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2015.jul.02
- Masip, P., Suau, J. y Ruiz-Caballero, C. (2020). Percepciones sobre medios de comunicación y desinformación: ideología y polarización en el sistema mediático español. El Profesional de La Información, 29(5), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.27
- Mauri-Rios, M., López-Meri, A. y Perales-García, C. (2020). The professional ethics of journalists in the face of governments and politicians: Perceptions of professionals and citizens in Spain. Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social, 2020(77), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2020-1459
- Montes Vozmediano, M., García Jiménez, A. y Menor Sendra, J. (2018). Los vídeos de los adolescentes en YouTube: Características y vulnerabilidades digitales. Comunicar: Revista Científica Iberoamericana de Comunicación y Educación, 54, 61–69.
- Newman, N., Richard Fletcher, W., Schulz, A., Andı, S. y Kleis Nielsen, R. (2020). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020.
- Nielsen, R. K., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Brennen, J. S. y Howard, P. N. (2020). Navigating the “Infodemic”: How People in Six Countries Access and Rate News and Information about Coronavirus. In Misinformation, Science, and Media (Issue April). https://bit.ly/2VZ4h9R%0A
- Núñez-Gómez, P., García-Guardia, M. L. y Hermida-Ayala, L.A. (2012) Tendencias de las relaciones sociales e interpersonales de los nativos digitales y jóvenes en la web 2.0. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 67, 1-15. https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/23984/
- OECD (Ed.) (2018). Towards the implementation of the G20 roadmap for digitalisation: Skills, business dynamics and competition. OECD. https://bit.ly/2upzP
- Papadopoulos, S., Bontcheva, K., Jaho, E., Lupu, M. y Castillo, C. (2016). Overview of the special issue on trust and veracity of information in social media. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 34(3), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1145/2870630
- Parratt Fernández, S. (2010). Hacia ia prensa por parte de ios universitarios Hedabideen kontsumoa unibertsitateko ikasleen artean Media consumption and university students ’ attitudes towards the press. ZER - Revista de Estudios de Comunicación, 15(28), 133–149.
- Pastor Ruiz, Y., Martín Nieto, R. y Montes Vozmediano, M. (2019). Patrones de uso, control parental y acceso a la información de los adolescentes en la red. Estudios Sobre El Mensaje Periodístico, 25(2), 995–1012. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.64821
- Pennycook, G. y Rand, D. (2019). Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition, 188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011
- Pennycook, G. y Rand, D. (2020). Who falls for fake news? The roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity, and analytic thinking. Journal of Personality, 88(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12476
- Pereira, S., Fillol, J., & Moura, P. (2019). Young people learning from digital media outside of school: The informal meets the formal. Comunicar, 27(58), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.3916/C58-2019-04
- Pont-Sorribes, C., Besalú, R. y Codina, L. (2020). WhatsApp as a political information channel in Spain: Credibility, user profile, and content sharing. Profesional de La Informacion, 29(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.nov.19
- Prendes-Espinosa, M., García-Tudela, P. y Solano-Fernández, I. (2020). Gender equality and ICT in the context of formal education: A systematic review. Comunicar, 63, 9-20. https://doi.org/10.3916/c63-2020-
- Renes-Arellano, P., Alvites-Huamaní, C. G. y Caldeiro-Pedreira, M.-C. (2020). La transmisión de valores sociales a través de Internet. Aula Abierta, 49(2), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.17811/rifie.49.2.2020.113-120
- Rivera-Rogel, D., Zuluaga-Arias, L.I., Ramírez, N.M.M., Romero-Rodríguez, L.M. y Aguaded, I. (2017). Media competencies for the citizenship training of teachers from Andean America: Colombia and Ecuador. Paidéia, 27, 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272766201710
- Samuel-Arzan, T. y Hayat, T. (2019). Online news recommendations credibility: The tie is mightier than the sourceLa credibilidad de las noticias digitales: El vínculo es más impactante que la fuente. Comunicar, 60, 71-80. https://doi.org/10.3916/C60-2019-07
- Sokolova, K. y Kefi, H. (2020). Instagram and YouTube bloggers promote it, why should I buy? How credibility and parasocial interaction influence purchase intentions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 53(September 2018), 101742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.01.011
- Tandoc, E. C., Ling, R., Westlund, O., Duffy, A., Goh, D. y Zheng Wei, L. (2018). Audiences’ acts of authentication in the age of fake news: A conceptual framework. New Media and Society, 20(8), 2745–2763. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817731756
- Tur-Viñes, V., Núñez-Gómez, P. y González-Río, M. J. (2018). Kid influencers on YouTube. A space for responsibility. Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social, 73, 1211–1230. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2018-1303
- Vizcaíno-Laorga, R., Catalina-García, B. y López De Ayala-López, M. C. (2019). Participation and commitment of young people in the digital environment. Uses of social networks and perception of their consequences. Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social, 74, 554–572. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2019-1345
- Vosoughi, S., Roy, D. y Aral, S. (2018). News On-line. Science, 1151(March), 1146–1151.
- Vraga, E. K. y Tully, M. (2021). News literacy, social media behaviors, and skepticism toward information on social media. Information, Communication & Society, 24(2), 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1637445
- Welter, G., Appel da Silva, M. y Koller, S. H. (2020). Tecnologias da informação e comunicação em adolescentes, práticas parentais e percepção de clima escolar: Uma abordagem multinível. Interação em Psicologia, 24(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.5380/psi.v24i1.64907
- Westerman, D., Spence, P. R. y Van Der Heide, B. (2014). Social Media as Information Source: Recency of Updates and Credibility of Information. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(2), 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12041
- Wilson, J. M., Straus, S. G. y McEvily, B. (2006). All in due time: The development of trust in computer-mediated and face-to-face teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99(1), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.08.001