Coping with Interpersonal Conflict at Work in Small BusinessThe Moderating Role of Supervisor and Co-Worker Support
- Martínez Corts, Inés
- Boz, Marina
- Medina Díaz, Francisco José
- Benítez González, Miriam
- Munduate Jaca, Lourdes
ISSN: 1576-5962
Year of publication: 2011
Volume: 27
Issue: 2
Pages: 117-129
Type: Article
More publications in: Revista de psicología del trabajo y de las organizaciones = Journal of work and organizational psychology
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between two types of interpersonal con- flict at work (relationship and task conflict) and job satisfaction in the context of small business, focusing on the buffering role that different sources of social support (supervisors and co-workers) may play in this relationship. Adopting such a contingent perspective our main findings show that, first, supervisor support buffers the link between relationship conflict and job satisfaction while co-worker support moderates the link between task conflict and job satisfaction, and second, that the model estimating the influence of supervisor support and relationship conflict is relatively more important for predicting employees’ job sat- isfaction than the model that relates co-worker support and task conflict. Our study makes a few contribu -tions to research on small businesses and interpersonal conflict at work, two streams that traditionally have been developed separately, and finally highlight important practical implications for the field of Human Resource Management.
Bibliographic References
- Abrams, L. C., Cross, R., Lesser, E., & Levin, D. Z. (2003). Nurturing interpersonal trust in knowledge-sharing networks. The Academy of Management Executive, 17, 64-77. DOI: 10.5465/AME.2003.11851845 (Pubitemid 39056483)
- Alper, S., Tjosvold, D., & Law, K. S. (1998). Interdependence and controversy in group decision making: Antecedents to effective self-managing teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74, 33-52. DOI:10.1006/obhd.1998.2748 (Pubitemid 128346472)
- Aiken, L. S. & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Barnett, T. & Kellermanns, F. W. (2006). Are we family? Nonfamily employees' perception of justice in the family firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30, 837-854. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540 6520.2006.00155.x (Pubitemid 44688359)
- Benítez, M., Guerra, J. M, Medina, F. J., Martínez, I., & Munduate, L. (2008). Consequences of conflict between supervisors and subordinates on employees' well-being. Psychologica, 47, 29-42.
- Benítez, M., Medina, F. J., & Munduate, L. (2011). El estudio del conflicto en los equipos de trabajo. Una visiön de las contribuciones científicas realizadas en España. Papeles del Psicölogo, 32, 69-81. Available from: http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/vernumero.asp?id=1920
- Behfar, K. J., Mannix, E. A., Peterson, R. S., & Trochim, W. M. K. (2008). The critical role of conflict resolution in teams: A close look at the links between conflict type, conflict management strategies and team outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 170-188. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.170
- Behfar, K. J., Mannix, E. A., Peterson, R. S., & Trochim, W. M. (2011). Conflict in small groups: The meaning and consequences of process conflict. Small Group Research, 42, 127-176. DOI: 10.1177/1046496410389194
- Ben-Zur, H. & Yagil, D. (2005). The relationship between empowerment, aggressive behaviours of customers, coping, and burnout. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 81-99. DOI:10.1080/13594320444000281
- Bernhard, F. & O'Driscoll, M. P. (2011). Psychological ownership in small family-owned businesses: Leadership style and nonfamily employees' work attitudes and behaviors. Group & Organization Management, 36, 345-384. DOI: 10.1177/1059601111402684
- Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley.
- Boz, M., Martínez-Corts, I., & Munduate, L. (2009). Breaking negative consequences of relationship conflicts at work: The moderating role of work family enrichment and supervisor support. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25, 113-122. Retrived from: http://www.copmadrid.org/ webcopm/resource.do?recurso=3000/&numero=20090729125919531000
- Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R. P., Jr., Van Harrison, R., & Pinneau, S. R., Jr. (1975). Job demands and worker health: Main effects and occupational differences. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
- Chen, G. Q., Liu, C. H., & Tjosvold, D. (2005). Conflict management for effective top management teams and innovation in china. Journal of Management Studies, 42, 277-300. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00497.x (Pubitemid 40344550)
- Chiaburu, D. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2008). Do peers make the place? Conceptual synthesis and meta-nalysis of coworker effects on perceptions, attitudes, OCBs, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1082-1103. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1082
- Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Sharma, P. (2003). Succession and non-succession concerns of family firms and agency relationship with nonfamily managers. Family Business Review, 16, 89-107. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-6248.2003. 00089.x
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
- Cohen, J. & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Cohen, S. & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
- Cox, K. B. (1998). Antecedents and effects of intergroup conflict in the nursing unit. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. U. S. A.
- Davis, P. S. & Harveston, P. D. (2001). The phenomenon of substantive conflict in the family firm: A cross-generational study. Journal of Small Business Management, 39, 14-30. DOI: 10.1111/0447-2778.00003
- De Dreu, C. K. W., van Dierendonck, D., & Dijkstra, M. T. (2004). Looking back, looking ahead: Conflict at work and individual health and well-being. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15, 1-18. DOI: 10.1108/eb022905
- De Dreu, C. K. W. & Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team performance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 741-749. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010. 88.4.741 (Pubitemid 37035434)
- Dodd, S. D. (2011). Mapping work-related stress and health in the context of the family firm. Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 12, 29-38. DOI: 10.5367/ijei.2011.0023
- Dodge, H., Fullerton, S., & Robbins, J. (1994). Stage of the organizational life cycle and competition as mediators of problem perception for small businesses. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 121-134. DOI: 10.1002/smj. 4250150204
- Ducharme, L. J. & Martin, J. K. (2000). Unrewarding work, coworker support, and job satisfaction: A test of the buffering hypothesis. Work and Occupations, 27, 223-243. DOI:10.1177/0730888400027002005
- Ensher, E. A., Thomas, C., & Murphy, S. E. (2001). Comparison of traditional, step-ahead, and peer mentoring on protégés' support, satisfaction, and perceptions of career success: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Business and Psychology, 15, 419-438. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/i25092727
- Eurostat. (2008). Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) - main findings [data file]. Retrieved from http://epp. eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/ page/portal/european-business/documents/Size%20class%20analysis-1.pdf
- Evans, M. G. (1985). A Monte Carlo study of the effects of correlated method variance in moderated multiple regression analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36, 305-323. DOI: 10.1016/0749-5978 (85) 90002-0
- Ferris, G. R. & Mitchell, T. R. (1987). The components of social influence and their importance for human resources research. In K. M. Rowland & G. R. Ferris (Eds.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, (Vol. 5, pp. 103-128). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
- Fisher, C. D. (1985). Social support and adjustment to work: A longitudinal study. Journal of Management, 11, 39-53. DOI:10.1177/ 014920638501100304
- Fiske, A. P. (1992). The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review, 99, 689-723. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.99.4.689
- Gibson, D. E. (2003). Developing the professional self-concept: Role model construals in early, middle, and late career stages. Organization Science, 14, 591-610. DOI: 10.1287/orsc.14.5.591.16767 (Pubitemid 37311553)
- Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/ stable/2092623
- Greer, L. L., Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. (2008) Conflict transformation: A longitudinal investigation of the relationship between different types of intragroup conflict and the moderating role of conflict resolution. Small Group Research, 39, 278-302. DOI: 10.1177/1046496408317793
- Guerra, J. M., Martínez-Corts, I., Munduate, L., & Medina, F. J. (2005). A contigency perspective in the study of the consequences of conflict types: The role of organizational culture. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 157-176. DOI:10.1080/13594320444 000245
- Hackman, J. R. & Morris, C. G. (1975). Group tasks, group interaction process, and group performance effectiveness: A review and proposed integration. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, (Vol. 8). New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Haines, V. A., Hurlbert, J. S., & Zimmer, C. (1991). Occupational stress, social support, and the buffer hypothesis. Work and Occupations, 18, 212-235. DOI:10.1177/0730888491018002005
- Haney, B. & Dundon, T. (2006). Capturing complexity: Developing an integrated approach to analysing HRM in SMEs. Human Resource Management Journal, 16, 48-73. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-8583.2006.00004.x (Pubitemid 43438121)
- Hobman, E. V., Bordia, P., & Gallois, C. (2003). Consequences of feeling dissimilar from others in a work team. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17, 301-325. DOI: 10.1023/A:1022837207241
- Hodson, R. & Sullivan, T. A. (1985). Totem or tyrant? Monopoly, regional, and local sector effects on work commitment. Social Forces, 63, 716-731. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2578488
- Humphrey, S. E., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1332-1356. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1332
- Ilies, R., Johnson, M. D., Judge, T. A., & Keeney, J. (2010). A within-individual study of interpersonal conflict as a work stressor: Dispositional and situational moderators. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 44-64. DOI: 10.1002/job.677
- Jehn, K. A. (1994). Enhancing effectiveness: an investigation of advantages and disadvantages of value-based intragroup conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 5, 223-238. DOI: 10.1108/eb022744
- Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 256-282. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2393638
- Jehn, K. A. (1997). A qualitative analysis of conflict types and dimensions in organizational groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 530-557. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2393737
- Jehn, K. A. & Bendersky, C. (2003). Intragroup conflict in organizations: A contingency perspective on the conflictoutcome relationship. Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, 187-242. DOI:10.1016/S0191-3085 (03) 25005-X
- Jehn, K. A., Chadwick, C., & Thatcher, S. M. B. (1997). To agree or not to agree: The effects of value congruence, individual demographic dissimilarity, and conflict on workgroup outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 8, 287-305. DOI: 10.1108/eb022799
- Jehn, K. A. & Mannix, E. (2001). The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group perfomance. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 2, 238-251. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 3069453
- Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (1999). Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 741-763. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2667054
- Jehn, K. A. & Shah, P. (1997). Interpersonal relationships and task performance: An examination of mediating processes in friendship and acquaintance groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 775-790. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.775
- Karasek, R. A. (1985). Job Content Instrument: Questionnaire and User's Guide. Lowell, MA: University of Massachusetts.
- Karasek, R. A., Triantis, K., & Chaudhry, S. (1982). Co-worker and supervisor support as moderators of associations between task characteristics and mental strain. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 3, 147-160. DOI: 10.1002/job. 4030030205
- Karckhardt, D. & Hanson, J. R. (1993). Informal networks: The company behind the chart. Harvard Business Review, 71, 104-111. Retrieved from http://hbr.org/product/informal-networks-the-company-behind-the-chart/an/ 93406-PDF-ENG
- Kelley, H. H. & Thibaut, J. (1978). Interpersonal Relations: A Theory of Interdependence. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Lansberg, I. (1998). Succeding Generations. Realizing the Dream of Families in Business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
- Lau, D. C., Liden, R. C. (2008). Antecedents of coworker trust: Leaders' blessings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1130-1138. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1130
- Marlow, S. & Patton, D. (2001). Minding the gap between employers and employees: the challenge for owner-managers of smaller manufacturing firms. Employee Relations, 24, 523-539. DOI: 10.1108/01425450210443294
- Medina, F. J., Munduate, L., Dorado, M. A., Martínez, I., & Guerra, J. M. (2005). Types of intragroup conflict and affective reactions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20, 219-230. DOI: 10.1108/02683940510589019 (Pubitemid 40621801)
- Medina, F. J., Dorado, M. A., Munduate, L., Martínez, I., & Mañas, M. A. (2004). Efectos positivos de la activaciön del conflicto de tareas sobre el clima de los equipos de trabajo. Revista de Psicología Social, 19, 3-15. DOI: 10.1174/021347404322726526
- Ministerio de Turismo, Industria y Comercio. (2008). Observatorio Industrial.
- Ministerio de Turismo, Industria y Comercio. (2010). Estadísticas PYME. Availabe from http://estadisticas.ipyme.org/Empresas/Informes/ EstadisticasAnio.aspx
- Mintzberg, H. (1980). Structure in 5'S: A synthesis of the research on organization design. Management Science, 26, 322-341. DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.26.3.322
- Morrison, E. W. (1993). Newcomer information seeking: Exploring types, modes, sources, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 557-589. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/256592
- Morgeson, F. P. & Humphrey, S. E. (2006). The work design questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1321-1339. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321 (Pubitemid 44747824)
- Ng, T. W. H. & Sorensen, K. L. (2008). Toward a further understanding of the relationships between perceptions of support and work attitudes: A meta-analysis. Group and Organization Management, 33, 243-268. DOI: 10.1177/1059601107313307
- Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- Park, K., Wilson, M. G., & Lee, M. S. (2004). Effects of social support at work on depression and organizational productivity. American Journal of Health Behavior, 28, 444-455. Retrived from http://png.publisher. ingentaconnect.com/content/png/ajhb/2004/00000028/00000005/art00007 (Pubitemid 40186395)
- Peirö, J. M., Prieto, F., Bravo, M. J., Ripoll, P., Rodríguez, I., Hontangas, P., & Salanova, M. (1993). Los jövenes ante el primer empleo: El significado del trabajo y su medida. Valencia: NAU Llibres.
- Peterson, R. S. & Behfar, K. J. (2003). The dynamic relationship between performance feedback, trust, and conflict in groups: A longitudinal study. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 92, 102-112. DOI: 10.1016/S0749-5978 (03) 00090-6 (Pubitemid 37550562)
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. M., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method variance in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 (Pubitemid 37239703)
- Putnam, L. L. (1994). Beyond third party role: Disputes and managerial intervention. Employees Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 7, 23-36. DOI: 10.1007/BF02621058
- Rollinson, D. (2002). Organisational Behavior. Boston, MA: Addison Wesley.
- Shaw, W. S., Robertson, M. M., Pransky, G., & McLellan, R. K. (2003). Employee perspectives on the role of supervisor to prevent workplace disability after injuries. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 13, 129-142. DOI:10.1023/A:1024997000505 (Pubitemid 37081759)
- Seers, A. (1989). Team-member exchange quality: A new construct for role-making research. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43, 118-135. DOI:10.1016/0749-5978 (89) 90060-5
- Simons, T. L. & Peterson, R. S. (2000). Task conflict and relationship conflict in top management teams: The pivotal role of intragroup trust. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 102-111. DOI: 10.1037//0021-9010. 85.1.102
- Sims, H. P. Jr., Szilagyi, A. D., & Keller, R. T. (1976). The measurement of job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 19, 195-212. DOI: 10.2307/255772
- Spence, L. J. (1999). Does size matter? The state of the art in small business ethics. Business Ethics: A European Review, 8, 163-174. DOI: 10.1111/1467-8608.00144
- Stephens, C. & Long, N. (2000). Comunication with police supervisors and peers as a buffer of work-related traumatic stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 407-424. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI) 1099-1379 (200006) 21:4 <407:: AID-JOB17>3.0. CO;2-N
- Tidd, S. T., McIntyre, H. H., & Friedman, R. A. (2004). The importance of role ambiguity and trust in conflict perception: Unpacking the task conflict to relationship conflict linkage. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 15, 364-380. DOI: 10.1108/eb022918 (Pubitemid 41359902)
- Tjosvold, D. (2008). The conflict-positive organization: It depends upon us. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 19-28. DOI: 10.1002/job.473
- Thomas, J. L., Bliese, P. D., & Jex, S. (2005). Interpersonal conflict and organizational commitment: Examining two levels of supervisory support as multilevel moderators. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 2375-2398. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02107.x (Pubitemid 43258305)
- Tucker, S., Chmiel, N., Turner, N., Hershcovis, S., & Stride, C. B. (2008). Perceived organizational support for safety and employee safety voice: The mediating role of coworker support for safety. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 319-330. DOI: 10.1037/1076-8998.13.4.319
- Ury, W. L. (1991). Getting Past No: Negotiating with Difficult People. New York, NY: Bantam.
- Van Rooy, D. L., Whitman, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Additional questions still unanswered. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3, 149-153. DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01216.x
- Van de Vliert, E., Euwema, M. C., & Huismans, S. E. (1995). Managing conflict with a subordinate or a superior: Effectiveness of conglomerated behaviour. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 271-281. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010. 80.2.271
- Villanueva, D. & Djurkovic, N. (2009). Occupational stress and intention to leave among employees in small and medium-sized enterprises. International Journal of Stress Management, 16, 124-137. DOI: 10.1037/a0015710
- Wall, J. A., Jr. & Callister, R. R. (1995). Conflict and its management. Journal of Management, 21, 515-558. DOI: 10.1177/014920639502100306
- Wallace, J. E. & Kay, F. M. (2009). Are small firms more beautiful or is bigger better? A study of compensating differentials and law firm internal labor markets. The Sociological Quarterly, 50, 474-496. DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2009.01149.x
- Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. (1965). Construct validation studies of the Minnesota importance questionnaire. Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, 18, 1-76.
- Westaby, J. D. & Lowe, J. K. (2005). Risk-taking orientation and injury among youth workers: Examining the social influence of supervisors, coworkers, and parents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1027-1035. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.1027 (Pubitemid 41422598)