Parental Attachment and Satisfaction With Social LifeThe Mediating Role of Gelotophobia

  1. Gonzalo del Moral-Arroyo 1
  2. Carla Canestrari 2
  3. Morena Muzi 2
  4. Cristian Suárez-Relinque 1
  5. Angelo Carrieri 2
  6. Alessandra Fermani 2
  1. 1 Área de Psicología Social. Universidad Pablo de Olavide
  2. 2 Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism, University of Macerata
Journal:
Psicothema

ISSN: 0214-9915,  1886-144X

Year of publication: 2022

Volume: 34

Issue: 3

Pages: 437-445

Type: Article

DOI: 10.7334/PSICOTHEMA2021.437 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Psicothema

Abstract

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate how gelotophobia is related to secure parental attachment, the degree of satisfaction with social life and coping strategies in a non-clinical sample of young Spanish adults. Method: the sample consisted of 306 young Spanish adults (M= 21.4 years; SD= 2.27; 67.6% women). The relationships between the study variables were analysed and a mediation model was tested in which gelotophobia (M) mediated the relationship between secure parental attachment (IV) and the level of satisfaction with social life (DV). Results: a satisfactory social life was related with low levels of gelotophobia and high levels of secure attachment to the father, as well as with the use of positive coping strategies of control and social support. Secure attachment to the father was positively associated with coping strategies focused on seeking social support and negatively associated with gelotophobia. Conclusions: High levels of secure attachment to the father are related to higher life satisfaction mediated by low levels of gelotophobia.

Bibliographic References

  • Armsden, G. C. & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02202939
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). High hopes in a grim world: Emerging adults’ views of their futures and “Generation X”. Youth & Society, 31(3), 267-286. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X00031003001
  • Arnett, J.J.,Žukauskienė R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18–29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
  • Bergkvist, L. & Rossiter, J. R. (2009). Tailor-made single-item measures of doubly concrete constructs. International Journal of Advertising, 28(4), 607-62. https://doi.org/10.2501/S0265048709200783
  • Blasco-Belled, A., Rogoza, R., & Alsinet, C. (2022). Vulnerable narcissism is related to the fear of being laughed at and to the joy of laughing at others. Personality and Individual Differences, 190, Article 111536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111536
  • Brauer, K. & Proyer, R. T. (2020). Gelotophobia in romantic life: Replicating associations with attachment styles and their mediating role for relationship status. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(10-11), 2890-2897. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520941607
  • Brauer, K., Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2020). Extending the study of gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism in romantic life towards romantic attachment. Journal of Individual Differences, 4(2), 86-100. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000307
  • Buist, K. L., Deković,, M., Meeus, W., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2002). Developmental patterns in adolescent attachment to mother, father and sibling. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(3), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015074701280
  • Canestrari, C., Bongelli, R., Fermani, A., Riccioni, I., Bertolazzi, A., & Muzi, M. (2021b). Coronavirus Disease Stress Among Italian Healthcare Workers: The Role of Coping Humor. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 601574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.601574
  • Canestrari, C., Carrieri, A., Del Moral, G., Fermani, A., & Muzi, M. (2019). Do coping strategies and the degree of satisfaction with one’s social life and parental attachment modulate gelotophobia, gelotophilia and katagelasticism? A study on young Italian adults. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00417-4
  • Canestrari, C., Del Moral, G., Carrieri, A., Muzi, M., & Fermani, A. (2021a). Parental attachment and cyberbullying victims: The mediation effect of gelotophobia. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01642-6
  • Carretero-Dios, H., Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., & Rubio, V. J. (2010). The Spanish version of the GELOPH< 15>: Properties of a questionnaire for the assessment of the fear of being laughed at. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10(2), 345-357. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33712250009
  • Consoli, A. J., Blears, K., Bunge, E. L., Mandil, J., Sharma, H., & Whaling, K. M. (2018). Integrating culture, pedagogy, and humor in CBT with anxious and depressed youth. Practice Innovations, 3(2), 138-151. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000069
  • Crittenden, P. (2008). Il modello dinamico-maturativo dell’attaccamento [The dynamic-maturative model of attachment]. Raffaello Cortina.
  • Crittenden, P., Kozlowska, K., & Landini, A. (2010). Assessing attachment in school-age children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15(2), 185-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104509356741
  • Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., & Meeus, W. (2008). Capturing the dynamics of identity formation in various ethnic groups: Development and validation of a three-dimensional model. Journal of Adolescence, 31(2), 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.09.002
  • Delgado, L., Penelo, E., Fornieles, A., Brun-Gasca, C., & Ollé, M. (2016). Estructura factorial y consistencia interna de la versión española del Inventario de Apego a Padres y Pares para Adolescentes (IPPA) [Factorial structure and internal consistency of the Spanish version of the Parent and Peer Attachment Inventory for Adolescents (IPPA)]. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 327-338. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-1.efci
  • Diamantopoulos, A., Sarstedt, M., Fuchs, C., Wilczynski, P., & Kaiser, S. (2012). Guidelines for choosing between multi-item and single-item scales for construct measurement: a predictive validity perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 434-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0300-3
  • Dionigi, A. & Canestrari, C. (2018a). The role of laughter in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: case studies. Discourse Studies, 20(3), 323-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445618754426
  • Dionigi, A. & Canestrari, C. (2018b). The use of humour by therapists and clients in cognitive therapy. European Journal of Humour Research, 6(3), 50-67. https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2018.6.3.dionigi
  • Durbin, J. & Watson, G. S. (1971). Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression. III. Biometrika, 58(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/58.1.1
  • Esparbès, S., Sordes-Ader, F., & Tap, P. (1993). L’Échelle Toulousaine de coping: Un instrument pour l’analyse des liens entre personnalisation et stratégies de coping [The Toulouse Coping Scale: An instrument for analyzing the links between personalization and coping strategies]. Data report 1993. Journées du Labo PCS, Université de Toulouse Le-Mirail.
  • Fermani, A., Bongelli, R., Canestrari, C., Muzi, M., Riccioni, I., & Burro, R. (2020). “Old wine in a new bottle”. Depression and romantic relationships in Italian emerging adulthood: The moderating effect of gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114121
  • Fermani, A., Muzi, M., Crocetti, E., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2016). I genitori sono importanti per la chiarezza del concetto di sé?: Studenti e lavoratori a confronto [Are parents important in clarifying the self-concept ?: Students and workers compared]. Clinical Developmental Psychology, 20(1), 55-82. https://doi.org/10.1449/83130
  • Führ, M., Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2009). Assessing the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia): First evaluation of the Danish GELOPH<15>. Nordic Psychology, 61(2), 62-73. https://doi.org/10.1027/1901-2276.61.2.62
  • Führ, M. (2010). The applicability of the GELOPH<15> in children and adolescents: First evaluation in a large sample of Danish pupils. Psychology Science Quarterly, 52(1), 60-76.
  • Führ, M., Platt. T., & Proyer, R. T. (2013). Testing the relations of gelotophobia with humour as a coping strategy, self-ascribed loneliness, reflectivity, attractiveness, self-acceptance and life expectations. European Journal of Humour Research, 3(1), 84-97. https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2015.3.1.fuhr
  • Gallarin M, &. Alonso-Arbiol I. (2013). Dimensionality of the inventory of parent and peer attachment: evaluation with the Spanish version. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16, Article E55. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2013.47. PMID: 23866252
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach [Computer software]. Guilford Press.
  • ISTAT (2014). Il Progetto Bes dei giovani [The Bes project for young people]. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, Governo d’Italia. https://www4.istat.it/it/archivio/126613
  • López-Vázquez, E. & Marván, M. L. (2004). Validación de una escala de afrontamiento frente a riesgos extremos [Validation of a scale for coping with extreme risks]. Salud Pública de México, 46(3), 216-221.
  • Meyer, B. & Pilkonis, P. A. (2001). Attachment style. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(4), 466-472. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.466
  • Miczo, N. (2017). Gelotophobia, attachment, and humor production: Further test of a security theory. Israeli Journal for Humor Research, 6(2), 25- 49. https://www.israeli-humor-studies.org/media/6-2-3-gelotophobia-n_ miczo.pdf
  • Papousek, I., Ruch, W., Freudenthaler, H. H., Kogler, E., Lang, B., & Schulter, G. (2009). Gelotophobia, emotion-related skills and responses to the affective states of others. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.047
  • Platt, T. (2021). Extreme gelotophobia: Affective and physical responses to ridicule and teasing. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00510-8
  • Platt, T. & Ruch, W. (2009). The emotions of gelotophobes: Shameful, fearful and joyless? Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 22, 91-110. https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMR.2009.005
  • Platt, T., Ruch, W., & Proyer, R. T. (2010). A lifetime of fear of being laughed at. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 43(1), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-009-0083-z
  • Proyer, R. T. & Ruch, W. (2010). Enjoying and fearing laughter: Personality characteristics of gelotophobes, gelotophiles, and katagelasticists. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 52(2), 148-160.
  • Proyer, R. T., Estoppey, S., & Ruch, W. (2012b). An initial study on how families deal with ridicule and being laughed at: Parenting styles and parent–child relations with respect to gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism. Journal of Adult Development, 19(4), 228-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-012-9150-6
  • Proyer, R. T., Platt, T., & Ruch, W. (2010). Self-conscious emotions and ridicule: Shameful gelotophobes and guilt free katagelasticists. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(1), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.007
  • Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., Ali, N. S., Al-Olimat, H. S., Amemiya, T., Andualem, T., Ansari, S.D., Arhar, S., Asem, G., Baudin, N., Bawab, S., Bergen, D., Brdar, I., Brites, R., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Carrell, A., Carretero-Dios, H., Celik, M., Ceschi, G.,… Yeun, E. (2009). Breaking ground in crosscultural research on the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia): A multinational study involving 73 countries. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 22(1-2), 253-279. https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMR.2009.012
  • Proyer, R. & Neukom, M. (2013). Ridicule and being laughed at in the family: Gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism in young children and their parents. International Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 1191-1195. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2013.775448
  • Proyer, R., Ruch, W., & Chen, G. (2012a). Gelotophobia: Life satisfaction and happiness across cultures. Humor. International Journal of Humor Research, 25(1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2012-0002
  • Proyer. R.T. & Wolf. A. (2017). Humor and well-being. In J. Stein (Ed.). Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology (pp 1-14). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.05590-5
  • Raja, S. N., McGee, R., & Stanton, W. R. (1992). Perceived attachments to parents and peers and psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21(4), 471-485. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01537898
  • Renner, K. H. & Heydasch, T. (2010). Performing humor: On the relations between self-presentation styles, gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 52(2), 171.
  • Ruch, W., Hofmann, J., Platt, T., & Proyer, R. (2014). The state-of-the art in gelotophobia research: A review and some theoretical extensions. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 27(1), 23-45. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2013-0046
  • Ruch, W. & Proyer, R. T. (2009). Extending the study of gelotophobia: On gelotophiles and katagelasticists. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 22(1-2), 183-212. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2009.009
  • Ruch, W., Proyer, R. T., & Ventis, L. (2010). The relationship of teasing in childhood to the expression of gelotophobia in adults. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 52(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-33203
  • Ruch, W. & Stahlmann, A.G. (2020). Toward a dynamic model of Gelotophobia: Social support, workplace bullying and stress are connected with diverging trajectories of life and job satisfaction among Gelotophobes. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01046-y
  • Sackett, P. R. & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1990). Research Strategies and Tactics in Industrial and Organizational Psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 419–489). Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Samson, A. C., Huber, O., & Ruch, W. (2011). Teasing, ridiculing and the relation to the fear of being laughed at in individuals with Asperger’s syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(4), 475- 483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1071-2
  • Samson, A.C. & Meyer, Y. (2010). Perception of aggressive humor in relation to gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 52, (2), 217-230. https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:98075
  • Shrout, P. E. & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
  • Tap, P., Esparbès-Pistre S., & Sordes-Ader, F. (1997). Identité et stratégies de personalisation [Identity and personalization strategies]. Psychology Bulletin, 428(50), 185-196.
  • Titze, M. (2009). Gelotophobia: The fear of being laughed at. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 22(1-2), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2009.002
  • Torres-Marín, J. & Carretero-Dios, H. (2017). Gelotofobia: El lado oscuro del sentido del humor [Gelotophobia: The dark side of humor]. Cognitive Science, 11(1), 14-16.
  • Torres-Marín, J., Carretero-Dios, H., Acosta, A., & Lupiáñez, J. (2017). Eye contact and fear of being laughed at in a gaze discrimination task. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1954. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01954
  • Torres-Marín, J., Navarro-Carrillo, G., & Carretero-Dios, H. (2018). Is the use of humor associated with anger management? The assessment of individual differences in humor styles in Spain. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.040
  • Torres-Marín, J., Proyer, R. T., López-Benítez, R., Brauer, K., & Carretero-Dios, H. (2019). Beyond the big five as predictors of dispositions toward ridicule and being laughed at: The HEXACO model and the dark triad. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 60(5), 473-483. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12563
  • World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191-2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
  • Wu, C. L., An, C. P., Tseng, L. P., Chen, H. C., Chan, Y. C., Cho, S. L., & Tsai, M. L. (2015). Fear of being laughed at with relation to parent attachment in individuals with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 116-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.11.004
  • Wu, C. L., Huang, Y. T., Wang, P. Y., & Chen, H. C. (2019). Parent–child attachment as a mediator of the relationship between parenting style and gelotophobia among adolescents. International Journal of Psychology, 54(4), 548-556. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12493
Data source: Dialnet