La lucha contra la violencia contra las mujeres y la violencia doméstica. Aportaciones sobre la propuesta de directiva.

  1. Claudia de Mesa Montero
  2. Diego López Garrido
  3. Lina Gálvez Muñoz
  4. Iban García del Blanco
  5. Juan Fernando López Aguilar
Revista:
Documentos de trabajo (Laboratorio de alternativas)

Año de publicación: 2023

Número: 226

Tipo: Documento de Trabajo

Resumen

El informe destaca tres avances significativos de la propuesta de Directiva en comparación con el Convenio de Estambul. La perspectiva de género, por un lado, integrada de manera indisociable en la violencia contra la mujer y reconociendo a las mujeres como víctimas por razón de su género. En segundo lugar, el mayor alcance de la Directiva respecto al Convenio, especialmente al imponer la obligatoriedad de su transposición por parte de los Estados Miembros. Por último, que su naturaleza jurídica permite abordar a agentes no estatales. Sin embargo, se señala que tanto ambos textos omiten abordar la trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual, a pesar de ser un grave problema con una dimensión de género significativa. En este sentido, se ha pretendido analizar la estrecha interconexión entre la trata de personas y la prostitución, probándose que esta es innegable y que, además, el negocio de la prostitución-y la trata, consecuentemente- se adapta constantemente a las circunstancias para aumentar sus beneficios.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Niemi, J. et al (2020) International Law And Violence Against Women, Europe And The Istanbul Convention, Routledge Research in Human Rights Law.
  • Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence”, (2011), Council of Europe Treaty Series - No. 210, Istanbul, 11.V.2011. https://rm.coe.int/168008482e
  • European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Nousiainen, K., Chinkin, C. (2016). Legal implications of EU accession to the Istanbul Convention – , Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2838/15851i.
  • Parlamento Europeo, (2023), Adhesión de la Unión al Convenio de Estambul,De un vistazo, 2.2.2023. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2023/739323/EPRS_ATA(2023)739323_ES.pdf
  • Comisión Europea, (2022), Propuesta de directiva del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo sobre la lucha contra la violencia contra las mujeres y la violencia doméstica, Estrasburgo, 8.3.2022. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022PC0105.
  • Krizsán, A., & Roggeband, C. (2021). Politicizing gender and democracy in the context of the Istanbul Convention. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
  • ONU, (1993), Declaración sobre la eliminación de la violencia contra la mujer, Resolución de la Asamblea General Resolución 48/104, https://tinyurl.com/ohchr-violence-against-women
  • ONU, (2010), Definición de la violencia contra las mujeres y niñas, Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, https://www.endvawnow.org/es/articles/295-definicion-de-la-violencia-contra-las-mujeres-y-de-.html?next=296
  • Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence”, (2011), Council of Europe Treaty Series - No. 210, Istanbul, 11.V.2011. https://rm.coe.int/168008482e
  • ONU, (2023), What is domestic abuse?. https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/what-is-domestic-abuse; ONU, (2023), Examining domestic violence around the world: the cost of doing nothing. https://n9.cl/un2023
  • Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence”, (2011), Council of Europe Treaty Series - No. 210, Istanbul, 11.V.2011. https://rm.coe.int/168008482e
  • Ventura-Franch, A. (2016). El Convenio de Estambul y los sujetos de la violencia de género. El cuestionamiento de la violencia doméstica como categoría jurídica.
  • Kuhar, R., & Paternotte, D. (2017). Anti-gender campaigns in Europe: Mobilising against equality. Rowman & Littlefield International, pp. 23-40.
  • Reuters. (2020, July 26). Polish ruling party distances itself from proposal to exit domestic violence treaty. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-eutreaty/polish-ruling-party-distances-itself-from-proposal-to-exit-domesticviolence-treaty-idUSKCN24R0GL;
  • Sutlovic, L. (2019). For the “real people”: An analysis of the impact of neoconservative activism on gender policies and women’s movement in Croatia. In A. Krizsán & C. Roggeband (Eds.), Gendering democratic backsliding in Central and Eastern Europe. A comparative agenda (pp. 31–77).
  • Krizsán, A., & Roggeband, C. (2021). Politicising gender and democracy in the context of the Istanbul Convention. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
  • Kuhar, R., & Paternotte, D. (2017). Anti-gender campaigns in Europe: Mobilising against equality. Rowman & Littlefield International, pp. 23-40.
  • Corrêa, S. et al. (2018). The globalisation of anti-gender campaigns. International Politics and Society.
  • Krizsán, A., & Roggeband, C. (2021). Politicising gender and democracy in the context of the Istanbul Convention. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
  • Corrêa, S. et al. (2018). The globalization of anti-gender campaigns. International Politics and Society
  • Kovats, E., and Poim,A. 2015. Gender as Symbolic Glue: The Position and Role of Conservative and Far Right Parties in the Anti-Gender Mobilisations in Europe. Budapest: FEPS and Friedrich-EbertStiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdffiles/bueros/budapest/11382.pdf.
  • Bacchi, C.L., (2009) Analysing Policy: What’s the Problem Represented to Be?, Pearson, 2009
  • Krizsán, A., & Roggeband, C. (2021). Politicising gender and democracy in the context of the Istanbul Convention. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
  • Sarkin, J. (2018) ‘A Methodology to Ensure that States Adequately Apply Due Diligence Standards and Processes to Significantly Impact Level of Violence against Women around the World’ 40(1) Human Rights Quarterly 1, 16. DOI:10.1353/hrq.2018.0000
  • Bourke-Martignoni, J. (2008) ‘The History and Development of the Due Diligence Standard in International Law and its Role in the Protection of Women against Violence’ in C Benninger-Budel (ed.), Due Diligence and Its Application to Protect Women from Violence. 47, 52. https://ww3.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/ILJ/upload/Goldscheid-Liebowitz-final.pdf
  • Chinkin, C., (2017). ‘Addressing Violence against Women in the Commonwealth within States’ Obligations under International Law’ 40(3) Commonwealth Law Bulletin 471, 479. DOI:10.1080/03050718.2014.931011
  • Bonnitch, J. & McCorquodale, R. (2017)., ‘The Concept of “Due Diligence” in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights’ 28(3) European Journal of International Law 899, 900.
  • Steel, S. (2015). Proof of Causation in Tort Law, Cambridge University Press.
  • Crawford, J. (2018). State Responsibility. The General Part, Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Stoyanova, V. (2020). “Due diligence versus positive obligations” International Law And Violence Against Women, Europe And The Istanbul Convention, Routledge Research in Human Rights Law.
  • Knox, J. (2008) ‘Horizontal Human Rights’ 102, American Journal of International Law 1, 21–24
  • Stoyanova, V. (2020). “Due diligence versus positive obligations” International Law And Violence Against Women, Europe And The Istanbul Convention, Routledge Research in Human Rights Law.
  • Jokila, H. & Niemi, j., (2019) ‘Rape Law and Coercive Circumstances’, Rape in the Nordic countries, Routledge, 2019. Edited by: Marie B Heinskou, May-Len Skilbrei and Kari Stefansen.
  • Niemi, J. & Verdu Sanmartin, A. (2020) “The concepts of gender and violence”, International Law And Violence Against Women, Europe And The Istanbul Convention, Routledge Research in Human Rights Law.
  • Kilvington, J., Day, S., & Ward, H. (2001). Prostitution Policy in Europe: A Time of Change? Feminist Review, 67(1), 78–93. doi:10.1080/01417780150514510
  • McCarthy, L. (2014). Human trafficking and the new slavery. Annual Review of Law Social Sciences, 10, 221–242.
  • Radačić, I., & Antić, M. (2022). Criminalisation of sex workers: rethinking the public order. The International Journal of Human Rights, 26(8), 1374-1393.
  • Benoit, C., et al. (2018). “The Prostitution Problem”: Claims, Evidence, and Policy Outcomes. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1276-6
  • Farley, M. (2004). “Bad for the body, bad for the heart”: Prostitution harms women even if legalized. Violence Against Women, 10, 125–187; Miriam, K. (2005). Stopping the traffic in women: Power, agency and abolition in feminist debates over sex-trafcking. Journal of Social Philosophy, 36(1), 1–17.
  • MacKinnon, C. (1982). Feminism, Marxism, method, and the state: An agenda for theory. Signs, 7, 515–544.
  • Satz, D. (2010). Why some things should not be for sale: The moral limits of markets. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; Pateman, C. (1988). The sexual contract. Cambridge, UK: Policy Press.
  • Constable, N. (2009). The commodification of intimacy: Marriage, sex, and reproductive. labor. Annual Review of Anthropology, 38, 49–64; Nussbaum, M. (1998). ‘Whether from reason or prejudice’: Taking money for bodily services. Journal of Legal Studies, 27(2), 693–723
  • Benoit, C., et al. (2018). “The Prostitution Problem”: Claims, Evidence, and Policy Outcomes. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1276-6
  • Coy, M. (2012). Prostitution, harm and gender inequality: Theory, research and policy. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
  • MacKinnon, C. (2011). Trafficking, prostitution, and inequality. Harvard Civil Rights Civil Liberties Law Review, 46(2), 271– 310.
  • Dworkin, A. (2004). Pornography, prostitution, and a beautiful and tragic recent history. In C. Stark & R. Whisnant (Eds.), Not for sale: Feminists resisting prostitution and pornography (pp. 137– 145). North Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex Press.
  • Bindel, J. (2017). The pimping of prostitution: Abolishing the sex work myth. London: Palgrave Macmillan;
  • Coy, M. (2012). Prostitution, harm and gender inequality: Theory, research and policy. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
  • Sullivan, B. (2010). When (some) prostitution is legal: The impact of law reform on sex work in Australia. Journal of Law and Society, 37, 85–104;
  • Pitcher, J. (2015). Sex work and modes of self-employment in the informal economy: Diverse business practices and constraints to effective working. Social Policy and Society, 14(1), 113–123.
  • Mears, A., & Connell, C. (2016). The paradoxical value of deviant cases: Toward a gendered theory of display work. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 41(2), 333–359.
  • Di Nicola, A., Cauduro, A., Lombardi, M. and Ruspini, P. (2009), Prostitution and Human Trafficking. Focus on Clients, Spinger, New York.
  • Bowles, S., (1991) “What Markets Can and Cannot Do.” Challenge , July–August 1991: 11–16
  • Satz, D. (2010). Why some things should not be for sale: The moral limits of markets. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press;
  • Pateman, C. (1988). The sexual contract. Cambridge, UK: Policy Press.
  • Benoit, C., et al. (2018). “The Prostitution Problem”: Claims, Evidence, and Policy Outcomes. Archives of Sexual Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1276-6
  • Raphael, J., Reichert, J. A., & Powers, M. (2010). Pimp control and violence: Domestic sex trafficking of Chicago women and girls. Women and Criminal Justice, 20, 89–104.
  • Farley, M., Franzblau, K., & Kennedy, M. (2014). Online prostitution and trafficking. Albany Law Review, 77(3), 1039– 1094.
  • Di Nicola, A. and Musumeci, G. (2021). Cosa loro, cosa nostra. Come le mafie straniere sono diventate un pezzo di Italia, Utet libri, Milano.
  • Jakobsson, N., & Kotsadam, A. (2010). Do laws affect attitudes?. Mimeo: University of Gothenburg;
  • Jakobsson, N., & Kotsadam, A. (2011). Gender equity and prostitution: An investigation of attitudes in Norway and Sweden. Feminist Economics, 17(1), 31–58
  • Della Giusta, M. (2010). Simulating the impact of regulation changes on the market for prostitution services. European Journal of Law and Economics, 29(1), 1–14. (Forthcoming);
  • Della Giusta, M., Di Tommaso, M. L., & Strøm, S. (2008). Sex markets: A denied industry. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Jakobsson, N & Kotsadam, A. (2013). The law and economics of international sex slavery: prostitution laws and trafficking for sexual exploitation. European Journal of Law and Economics, 35(1), 87–107.
  • GRETA, (2023) “Evaluation report: Spain.” Third evaluation round. Access to justice and effective remedies for victims of trafficking in human beings. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/greta-evaluation-report-on-spain-3rd-evaluation-roundgreta-2023-10-ac/1680ab8d0f
  • Gaudy, N & Le Bail, H, (2022). Synthèse comparative des rapports d’évaluation de la loi française sur la prostitution de 2016. SciencesPo, Archive Ouverte Institutionnelle. https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03872047
  • Ventura-Franch, A. (2016). El Convenio de Estambul y los sujetos de la violencia de género. El cuestionamiento de la violencia doméstica como categoría jurídica.
  • Krizsán, A., & Roggeband, C. (2021). Politicizing gender and democracy in the context of the Istanbul Convention. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
  • Gathmann, C., (2008). Effects of enforcement on illegal markets: evidence from migrant smuggling along the southwestern border. Public Econ. 92, 1926–1941. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272708000674
  • Akee, R., Basu, A., Bedi, A., Chau, N., (2010). Determinants of trafficking in women and children: cross-national evidence, theory and policy implications https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228980483_Determinants_of_Trafficking_in_Women_and_Children_CrossNational_Evidence_Theory_and_Policy_Implications
  • Santos Olmeda, B. (2019). “Las víctimas de trata en España: el sistema de acogida de protección internacional”. Anuario CIDOB de la Inmigración 2019 (noviembre de 2019), p. 144-166. DOI: doi.org/10.24241/AnuarioCIDOBInmi.2019.144
  • Bruquetas Callejo, M. (2013) “!Immigrants’ integration into the Spanish welfare state”, en: Van Heelsum, A. et al. (eds.). Migration and integration research. IMISCODE. Ámsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Diez Velasco, I. (2023). La protección de personas víctimas de trata en el anteproyecto de ley orgánica integral contra la trata y la explotación de seres humanos: el caso de la infancia y las personas solicitantes de asilo. IgualdadES, 8, 141-168. doi: https://doi.org/10.18042/cepc/IgdES.8.05
  • Jiménez Romero, M. (2020). Protección internacional y trata de seres humanos. En A. M. Huesca González, J. A. LópezRuiz y M. P. Quicios García (coords.). Seguridad ciudadana, desviación social y sistema judicial (pp. 29-40). Madrid: Dikinson. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1ks0ds7.6
  • Zimmerman, C., Hossain, M. and Watts, C. (2011), ‘Human trafficking and health: A conceptual model to inform policy, intervention and research’, Social Science and Medicine 73(2), pp. 327-335.
  • CEAR, (2018). Identificación de las necesidades especiales de solicitantes de asilo y víctimas de trata y respuesta a las mismas. TRACKS. Comisión Europea. https://www.cear.es/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Nationaloutline_Spain_versi%C3%B3n-Final.pdf;
  • European Institute for Gender Equality (EIRE), (2018). Gender-specific measures in anti-trafficking actions report. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. doi:10.2839/74342.
  • GRETA, (2021). 11th General Report on GRETA’s Activities. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/greta-11th-generalreport-of-activities-2022-en/1680a72bb8
  • GRETA, (2018). Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the Netherlands. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/greta-2018-19-fgr-nld-en/16808e70ca
  • GRETA, (2018). Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by Sweden. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/greta-2018-8-fgr-swe-en/16808b1cd7
  • CEAR, (2018). Identificación de las necesidades especiales de solicitantes de asilo y víctimas de trata y respuesta a las mismas. TRACKS. Comisión Europea. https://www.cear.es/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Nationaloutline_Spain_versi%C3%B3n-Final.pdf;
  • Santos Olmeda, B. (2019). “Las víctimas de trata en españa: el sistema de acogida de protección internacional”. Anuario CIDOB de la Inmigración, 2019, pp. 144-166, https://doi.org/10.24241/AnuarioCIDOBInmi.2019.144
  • CEAR, (2018). Identificación de las necesidades especiales de solicitantes de asilo y víctimas de trata y respuesta a las mismas. TRACKS. Comisión Europea. https://www.cear.es/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Nationaloutline_Spain_versi%C3%B3n-Final.pdf;