Factores de desigualdad entre teletrabajadores en Europa

  1. Purificación López-Igual 1
  2. Paula Rodríguez-Modroño 1
  1. 1 Departamento de Economía Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla
Aldizkaria:
REC Revista de economía crítica

ISSN: 1696-0866 2013-5254

Argitalpen urtea: 2021

Zenbakien izenburua: Desigualdades en la 4ª revolución industrial

Zenbakia: 31

Orrialdeak: 62-79

Mota: Artikulua

Beste argitalpen batzuk: REC Revista de economía crítica

Laburpena

Technological innovations related to digitization, automation and globalization are favouring more workers to work from multiple locations. This expansion of teleworking, further stimulated by the COVID-19 pandemic, is altering not only workspaces and work schedules, but also labour relations and working conditions. Our objective is to explore the reconfiguring of inequalities among different types of teleworkers according to the intensity and place of use of ICT. This empirical study draws on data from more than twenty thousand workers in the EU-15 from the 6th European Survey of Working Conditions to analyse, using multinomial logistic regression models, the different profiles of teleworkers. The analysis shows the tendency to an increased heterogeneity in teleworker profiles and to growing inequalities between them. There are great differences between the different types of teleworkers depending on the occupation, the activity sector and the country. Women are mostly in the most precarious group of teleworkers and with the worst working conditions.

Erreferentzia bibliografikoak

  • Aguilera, Anne; Lethiais, Virginie; Rallet, Alain y Laurent Proulhac (2016). "Home-Based Telework in France: Characteristics, Barriers and Perspectives." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 92(October): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.06.021
  • Allen, Tammy D.; Johnson, Ryan C.; Kiburz, Kaitlin M. y Shockley Kristen M. (2013). "Work-Family Conflict and Flexible Work Arrangements: Deconstructing Flexibility." Personnel Psychology, 66(2), 345–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12012
  • Bailey, Diane E. y Kurland, Nancy B. (2002). "A Review of Telework Research: Findings, New Directions, and Lessons for the Study of Modern Work." Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23 (SPEC. ISS.), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.144
  • Bettio, Francesca y Plantenga, Janneke (2004). "Comparing Care Regimes in Europe". Feminist Economics, 10:1, 85-113. doi:10.1080/1354570042000198245
  • Biron, Michal y Van Veldhoven, Marc (2016). "When Control Becomes a Liability Rather than an Asset: Comparing Home and Office Days among Part‐time Teleworkers." Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(8), 1317–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2106
  • Boell, Sebastian K; Cecez-Kecmanovic, Dubravka y Campbell, John (2016). "Telework Paradoxes and Practices: The Importance of the Nature of Work." New Technology, Work, and Employment ,31(2), 114– 31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12063
  • Boogaard, JanJaap y Moller, Sven (2020). "Exploring the Post-COVID-19 Workplace." Colliers International, 16.
  • Brodt, Torsten L. y Verburg, Robert M. (2007). "Managing Mobile Work - Insights from European Practice." New Technology, Work and Employment, 22(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2007.00183.x
  • Chung, Heejung y Van der Horst, Mariska (2018). "Women's Employment Patterns after Childbirth and the Perceived Access to and Use of Flexitime and Teleworking." Human Relations, 71(1), 47–72. https://doi. org/10.1177/0018726717713828
  • Chung, Heejung y Van der Lippe, Tanja (2018). "Flexible Working, Work–Life Balance, and Gender Equality: Introduction." Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2025-x
  • Daly, Mary y Lewis, Jane (2000). "The concept of social care and the analysis of contemporary welfare states". The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 51 (2), 281-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00281.x
  • Elldér, Erik (2019). "Who Is Eligible for Telework? Exploring the Fast-Growing Acceptance of and Ability to Telework in Sweden, 2005-2006 to 2011-2014." Social Sciences, 8(7), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ SOCSCI8070200
  • Eurofound. (2020a). Telework and ICT-based mobile work: Flexible working in the digital age. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2806/70118
  • Eurofound. (2020b). Living, working and COVID-19 First findings – April 2020, (April), 11. Disponible en: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef20058en.pdf
  • Eurofound y the International Labour Office (2017). Working anytime, anywhere: the effects on the world of work. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, and the International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • Eurostat (2020). High-tech industry and knowledge-intensive services (htec). Reference Metadata in Euro SDMX Metadata Structure (ESMS). Disponible en: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/ htec_esms.htm. Consultado el 6 de agosto de 2020.
  • Frey, Carl Benedikt y Osborne, Michael A. (2017). "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?" Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–80. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019.
  • Fuller, Sylvia y Hirsh, C. Elizabeth (2019). "'Family-Friendly' Jobs and Motherhood Pay Penalties: The Impact of Flexible Work Arrangements Across the Educational Spectrum." Work and Occupations, 46(1), 3–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888418771116
  • Gallouj, Faïz; Weber, K. Matthias; Stare, Metka y Rubalcaba, Luis (2015). "The Futures of the Service Economy in Europe: A Foresight Analysis." Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 94, 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2014.06.009
  • Giovanis, Eleftherios (2018). "Are Women Happier When Their Spouse Is Teleworker?" Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(3), 719–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9847-0.
  • Golden, Timothy D.; Veiga, John F. y Simsek, Zeki (2006). "Telecommuting's Differential Impact on Work- Family Conflict: Is There No Place like Home?" Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1340–50. https://doi. org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1340
  • Gschwind, Lutz y Vargas, Oscar (2019). "Telework and Its Effects in Europe." In J. C. Messenger (Ed.), Telework in the 21st Century (pp. 36–75). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789903751.00007
  • Haddon, Leslie y Brynin, Malcolm (2005). "The Character of Telework and the Characteristics of Teleworkers." New Technology, Work and Employment, 20(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468- 005X.2005.00142.x
  • Hartig, Terry; Kylin, Camilla y Johansson, Gunn (2007). "The Telework Tradeoff: Stress Mitigation vs. Constrained Restoration." Applied Psychology, 56(2), 231–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464- 0597.2006.00252.x
  • Hjorthol, Randi J. (2006). "Teleworking in Some Norwegian Urban Areas—Motives and Transport Effects." Urban Geography, 27(7), 610–27. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.27.7.610.
  • Holtgrewe, Ursula (2014). "New New Technologies: The Future and the Present of Work in Information and Communication Technology." New Technology, Work and Employment, 29(1), 9–24. https://doi. org/10.1111/ntwe.12025
  • Huws, Ursula (2016). A Review on the Future of Work: Online Labour Exchanges or Crowdsourcing: Implications for Occupational Health and Safety. Disponible en: https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/A_review_on_the_ future_of_work:_online_labour_exchanges_or_crowdsourcing.
  • Hynes, Michael (2014). "Telework isn' t Working: A Policy Review." The Economic and Social Review, Vol. 45(4): 579–602. Disponible en: https://www.esr.ie/article/view/231/100
  • Illegems, Viviane; Verbeke, Alain y S'Jegers, Rosette (2001). "The Organizational Context of Teleworking Implementation." Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 68(3), 275–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0040-1625(00)00105-0
  • Lim, Vivien y Teo, Thompson (2000). "To Work or Not to Work at Home: An Empirical Investigation of Factors Affecting Attitudes towards Teleworking." Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15, 560–86. https:// doi.org/10.1108/02683940010373392
  • López-Igual, Purificación y Rodríguez-Modroño, Paula (2020). "Who is teleworking and where from? Exploring the main determinants of telework in Europe". Sustainability, 12(21), 1–15. https://doi. org/10.3390/su12218797
  • Lott, Yvonne y Chung, Heejung (2016). "Gender Discrepancies in the Outcomes of Schedule Control on Overtime Hours and Income in Germany." European Sociological Review, 32(6), 752–65. https://doi. org/10.1093/esr/jcw032
  • Luukinen, Ari (1996). "A Profile of Finnish Telework: Survey Results Concerning the Nature, Extent, and Potential of Telework in Finland." Directions of Telework in Finland: Report by the Finnish Experience with Telework Project: 1–49.
  • Messenger, Jon y Gschwind, Lutz (2016). "Three Generations of Telework: New ICTs and the (R)Evolution from Home Office to Virtual Office." New Technology Work and Employment, 31(3), 195–208. https://doi. org/10.1111/ntwe.12073
  • Mokhtarian, Patricia L.; Bagley, Michael N. y Salomon, Ilan (1998). "The Impact of Gender, Occupation, and Presence of Children on Telecommuting Motivations and Constraints" Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 49(383), 1115–34.
  • Nätti, Joujo; Tammelin, Mia; Antilla, Timo y Ojala, Satu (2011). "Work at Home and Time Use in Finland." New Technology, Work and Employment, 26(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2010.00258.x
  • Popma, Jan (2013). The Janus face of the 'New Ways of Work.' In European Trade Union Institute (Issue 07). ETUI aisbl, Brussels. Disponible en: https://www.etui.org/Publications2/Working-Papers/The-Janus-face-of-the-New-ways-of-Work-rise-risks-and-regulation-of-nomadic-work.
  • Pyöriä, Pasi (2011). "Managing Telework: Risks, Fears and Rules." Management Research Review, 34(4), 386–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171111117843
  • Rodríguez Modroño, Paula (2021). "Non-standard work in unconventional workspaces. Self-employed women in home-based businesses and co-working spaces." Urban Studies, https://doi. org/10.1177/00420980211007406
  • Rodríguez Modroño, Paula y López-Igual (2021). "Job quality and work-life balance of teleworkers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(6), 3239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18063239
  • Rodríguez Modroño, Paula y Matus López, Mauricio (2016). "Políticas de Cuidados a la Infancia y Mayores Dependientes. Evolución y Condicionamiento pro-Mercado." Reforma y Democracia, 66, 99–130. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=357550050004
  • Scott, Darren M.; Dam, Ivy; Páez, Antonio y Wilton, Robert D. (2012). "Investigating the Effects of Social Influence on the Choice to Telework." Environment and Planning A, 44(5), 1016–31. https://doi. org/10.1068/a43223
  • Sewell, Graham y Taskin, Laurent (2015). "Out of Sight, Out of Mind in a New World of Work? Autonomy, Control, and Spatiotemporal Scaling in Telework." Organization Studies, 36(11), 1507–29. https://doi. org/10.1177/0170840615593587
  • Standing, Guy (2011). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class (Vol. 42, Issue 1). Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094306112468721dd
  • Sullivan, Cath y Lewis, Suzan (2001). "Home‐based Telework, Gender, and the Synchronization of Work and Family: Perspectives of Teleworkers and their Co‐residents". Gender, Work & Organization, 8(2), 123– 145. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00125
  • López-Igual, Purificación y Rodríguez-Modroño, Paula (2020). "Who is teleworking and where from? Exploring the main determinants of telework in Europe". Sustainability, 12(21), 1–15. https://doi. org/10.3390/su12218797
  • Lott, Yvonne y Chung, Heejung (2016). "Gender Discrepancies in the Outcomes of Schedule Control on Overtime Hours and Income in Germany." European Sociological Review, 32(6), 752–65. https://doi. org/10.1093/esr/jcw032
  • Luukinen, Ari (1996). "A Profile of Finnish Telework: Survey Results Concerning the Nature, Extent, and Potential of Telework in Finland." Directions of Telework in Finland: Report by the Finnish Experience with Telework Project: 1–49.
  • Messenger, Jon y Gschwind, Lutz (2016). "Three Generations of Telework: New ICTs and the (R)Evolution from Home Office to Virtual Office." New Technology Work and Employment, 31(3), 195–208. https://doi. org/10.1111/ntwe.12073
  • Mokhtarian, Patricia L.; Bagley, Michael N. y Salomon, Ilan (1998). "The Impact of Gender, Occupation, and Presence of Children on Telecommuting Motivations and Constraints" Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 49(383), 1115–34.
  • Nätti, Joujo; Tammelin, Mia; Antilla, Timo y Ojala, Satu (2011). "Work at Home and Time Use in Finland." New Technology, Work and Employment, 26(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2010.00258.x
  • Popma, Jan (2013). The Janus face of the 'New Ways of Work.' In European Trade Union Institute (Issue 07). ETUI aisbl, Brussels. Disponible en: https://www.etui.org/Publications2/Working-Papers/The-Janus-face-of-the-New-ways-of-Work-rise-risks-and-regulation-of-nomadic-work.
  • Pyöriä, Pasi (2011). "Managing Telework: Risks, Fears and Rules." Management Research Review, 34(4), 386–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171111117843
  • Rodríguez Modroño, Paula (2021). "Non-standard work in unconventional workspaces. Self-employed women in home-based businesses and co-working spaces." Urban Studies, https://doi. org/10.1177/00420980211007406
  • Rodríguez Modroño, Paula y López-Igual (2021). "Job quality and work-life balance of teleworkers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(6), 3239. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18063239
  • Rodríguez Modroño, Paula y Matus López, Mauricio (2016). "Políticas de Cuidados a la Infancia y Mayores Dependientes. Evolución y Condicionamiento pro-Mercado." Reforma y Democracia, 66, 99–130. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=357550050004
  • Scott, Darren M.; Dam, Ivy; Páez, Antonio y Wilton, Robert D. (2012). "Investigating the Effects of Social Influence on the Choice to Telework." Environment and Planning A, 44(5), 1016–31. https://doi. org/10.1068/a43223
  • Sewell, Graham y Taskin, Laurent (2015). "Out of Sight, Out of Mind in a New World of Work? Autonomy, Control, and Spatiotemporal Scaling in Telework." Organization Studies, 36(11), 1507–29. https://doi. org/10.1177/0170840615593587
  • Standing, Guy (2011). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class (Vol. 42, Issue 1). Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094306112468721dd
  • Sullivan, Cath y Lewis, Suzan (2001). "Home‐based Telework, Gender, and the Synchronization of Work and Family: Perspectives of Teleworkers and their Co‐residents". Gender, Work & Organization, 8(2), 123– 145. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00125
  • Taskin, Laurent y Edwards, Paul (2007). "The Possibilities and Limits of Telework in a Bureaucratic Environment: Lessons from the Public Sector." New Technology, Work and Employment, 22(3), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2007.00194.x.
  • Ter Hoeven, Claartje L. y Van Zoonen, Ward (2015). "Flexible Work Designs and Employee Well-Being: Examining the Effects of Resources and Demands." New Technology, Work and Employment, 30(3), 237– 55. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12052
  • Thulin, Eva; Vilhelmson, Bertil y Johansson, Martina (2019). "New Telework, Time Pressure, and Time Use Control in Everyday Life." Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(11), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113067
  • Vilhelmson, Bertil y Thulin, Eva (2001). "Is Regular Work at Fixed Places Fading Away? The Development of ICT-Based and Travel-Based Modes of Work in Sweden." Environment and Planning A, 33(6), 1015–29. https://doi.org/10.1068/a33207
  • Vilhelmson, Bertil y Thulin, Eva (2016). "Who and Where Are the Flexible Workers? Exploring the Current Diffusion of Telework in Sweden." New Technology, Work and Employment, 77–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/ ntwe.12060
  • Walrave, Michel y De Bie, Marijke (2005). Teleworking @ Home or Close to Home – Attitudes towards and Experiences with Homeworking, Mobile Working, Working in Satellite Offices and Telecentres. In ESF (Ed.), University of Antwerp. University of Antwerp
  • Welz, Christian y Wolf, Felix (2010). Telework in the European Union. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound): Dublin, Ireland. Disponible en: http://www. eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/studies/tn0910050s/tn0910050s.htm