“El despertar de las máquinas”Reflexiones sobre el estatus moral y jurídico de la Inteligencia Artificial

  1. Carlos Aguilar Blanc 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Huelva
    info

    Universidad de Huelva

    Huelva, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03a1kt624

Revista:
Revista internacional de pensamiento político

ISSN: 1885-589X

Año de publicación: 2023

Número: 18

Páginas: 213-242

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Revista internacional de pensamiento político

Resumen

the possible creation of increasingly sophisticated forms of Artificial Intelligence, equivalent or superior to human intelligence, poses new and complex ethical-legal dilemmas for us. Given the increasing sophistication of AI, it is crucial to investigate whether it could be endowed with moral and legal status, and how this would be manifested in recognizing rights and duties for artificial entities. the goal is to determine the legal-philosophical consequences derived from recognizing rights for advanced AI in relation to the foundations of human rights. After the necessary conceptual analysis, it is concluded that a new ethical-legal paradigm is required that cautiously reconciles hypothetical rights of AI entities with the rights of the human species.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aleksander, I. (2017), 7. Machine Consciousness. En S. Schneider y M. Velmans (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to consciousness. eTextbook. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Alpaydin, E. (2020). Introduction to machine learning. MIT press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13811.001.0001
  • Arkin, R. C. (2009). Governing lethal behavior: Embedding ethics in a hybrid deliberative/reactive robot architecture. Proceedings of GECCO 2009, 1:121-128. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420085952
  • Asaro, P. M. (2007). Robots and responsibility from a legal perspective. Proceedings of the IEEE, 95(2), 491-498. https://peterasaro.org/writing/ASARO%20Legal%20Perspective.pdf.
  • Beck, S. (2016). The problem of ascribing legal responsibility in the case of robotics. AI & society, Vol.31 (4), p.473-481, 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-015-0624-5
  • Bostrom, N. & Yudkowsky, E. (2014) The ethics of artificial intelligence. En The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139046855.020
  • Bostrom, N. (2005). A history of transhumanist thought. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.5840/jpr_2005_26
  • Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. eBook. Oxford University Press.
  • Bostrom, N. (2016). Superinteligencia: Caminos, peligros, estrategias. eBook. Ed. Teell.
  • Bryson, J J., Theodorou, A. (2019) How society can maintain human-centric artificial intelligence In: Marja Toivonen and Eveliina Saari (ed.), Human-centered digitalization and services (pp. 305-323). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7725-9_16
  • Bryson, J. J. (2010), Robots should be slaves. En Wilks, Yorick. Close engagements with artificial companions: key social, psychological, ethical and design issues. John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/nlp.8.11bry
  • Bryson, J. J. (2020). The artificial intelligence of the ethics of artificial intelligence: An introductory overview for law and regulation. En M. Dubber, F. Pasquale, & S. Das (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI (pp. 2-25). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190067397.013.1
  • Bryson, J. J., Diamantis, M. E., & Grant, T. D. (2017). Of, for, and by the people: the legal lacuna of synthetic persons. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 25(3), 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-017-9214-9
  • Chalmers, D. (1996). The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. Oxford University Press.
  • Chalmers, D. (2010). The singularity: a philosophical analysis. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 17(9-10), 7-65. https://consc.net/papers/singularity.pdf
  • Chopra, S., & White, L. (2011). A legal theory for autonomous artificial agents. University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.356801
  • Coeckelbergh, M. (2017). Moral appearances: emotions, robots, and human morality.en Wallach, W. & Asaro,P., Machine Ethics and robot ethics. Routledge.
  • Dennett, D. (1998). Brainchildren: Essays on designing minds. Penguin Books. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1663.001.0001
  • Dennett, D. (2017). From bacteria to Bach and back: The evolution of minds. WW Norton & Company.
  • Dennett, D. C. (1995). La conciencia explicada. Paidos Iberica.
  • Dennett, D. C. (2008). Can there be intentionality? Should there be? In A. Ross, D. Brook, & D. Thompson (Eds.), Dennett's philosophy: A comprehensive assessment (pp. 147-158). MIT Press
  • Díez Spelz, J. F. (2021). ¿Robots con derechos?: la frontera entre lo humano y lo no-humano. Reflexiones desde la teoría de los derechos humanos. Revista del Instituto de Ciencias Jurídicas de Puebla, México, 15(48), 259-287. https://doi.org/10.35487/rius.v15i48.2021.742
  • European Commission (2020). White Paper on Artificial Intelligence: a European approach to excellence and trust. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf
  • Frankish, Keith. (2014). Introduction en Keith Frankish and William M. Ramsey, The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139046855
  • Fukuyama, F. (2002). Our posthuman future. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
  • Goertzel, B., & Pennachin, C. (Eds.). (2007). Artificial general intelligence. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68677-4
  • Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., & Courville, A. (2016). Deep learning. MIT Press.
  • Gordon Graell, R. D. (2021). Inteligencia artificial: la caja de herramientas virtuales al servicio de la bioinformática. Tecnociencia, 24(2), 48-65.
  • Grace, K., Salvatier, J., Dafoe, A., Zhang, B., & Evans, O. (2017). When Will AI Exceed Human Performance? Evidence from AI Experts. ArXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.08807 https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11222
  • Gunkel, D. J. (2018). Robot rights. ePub Version 1.0. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11444.001.0001
  • Habermas, J. (2010). Teoría de la acción comunicativa I. Taurus.
  • Hallevy, G. (2014). Liability for Crimes Involving Artificial Intelligence Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10124-8
  • Inayatullah, S., & McNally, P. (1988). The rights of robots: Technology, culture and law in the 21st century. Futures, 20(2), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(88)90019-5
  • Kant, I. (2012) Fundamentación para una metafísica de las costumbres. Alianza Editorial. Documento original publicado en (1785).
  • Kurzweil, R. (2005). The singularity is near. Viking Penguin.
  • Lara, F. & Deckers, J. La inteligencia artificial como asistente socrático para la mejora moral. En Lara, F. y J. Savulescu (Eds), 2021, Más (que) humanos. Biotecnología, inteligencia artificial y ética de la mejora. Tecnos
  • Leenes, R., Palmerini, E., Koops, B. J., Bertolini, A., Salvini, P., & Lucivero, F. (2017). Regulatory challenges of robotics: some guidelines for addressing legal and ethical issues. Law, Innovation and Technology, 9(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2017.1304921
  • Locke, J. (2005) Ensayo sobre el entendimiento humano. Fondo de Cultura Económica. (Documento original publicado en 1689).
  • Matthias, A. (2004). The responsibility gap: Ascribing responsibility for the actions of learning automata. Ethics and Information Technology, 6(3), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-004-3422-1
  • Mendis, D. (2019). "TheCLAIM": A model for allocating responsibility and liability for claims of harm arising from the acts and omissions of artificial intelligent agents. Ethics and Information Technology.
  • Moor, J. H. (2006). The nature, importance, and difficulty of machine ethics. IEEE intelligent systems, 21(4), 18-21. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2006.80
  • Ng, A. (2021). What artificial intelligence can and can't do right now. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2016/11/what-artificial-intelligence-can-and-cant-do-right-now
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (2007). Las fronteras de la justicia: Consideraciones sobre la exclusión. Paidós Ibérica.
  • Penrose, R. (1989). The Emperor's New Mind. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198519737.001.0001
  • Pico della Mirandola, G. (2006). Discurso sobre la dignidad del hombre. Editorial Pí. (Documento original publicado en 1486).
  • Porcelli, A. M. (2020). La inteligencia artificial y la robótica: sus dilemas sociales, éticos y jurídicos. Estudios sobre Derecho y Justicia Año 2020, Vol. VI. Número 16, Noviembre 2020 - Febrero 2021, 49-105. https://doi.org/10.32870/dgedj.v6i16.286
  • Russell, S. (2019). Human compatible: Artificial intelligence and the problem of control. Penguin.
  • Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
  • Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2010). Inteligencia artificial: un enfoque moderno. Pearson Educación.
  • Searle, J. R. (1980). Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and brain sciences, 3(3), 417-424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00005756
  • Singer, P. (1999). Liberación animal. Trotta. (Documento original publicado en 1975).
  • Solum, L. B. (1992). Legal personhood for artificial intelligences. North Carolina Law Review, 70(4), 1231-1287. http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol70/iss4/4
  • Stahl, B. C., Timmermans, J., & Flick, C. (2016). Ethics of emerging information and communication technologies: On the implementation of responsible research and innovation. Science and Public Policy, 43(3), 369-381. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scw069
  • Tegmark, M. (2017). Life 3.0: Being human in the age of artificial intelligence. Knopf.
  • van Wynsberghe, A. (2013). Designing robots for care: Care centered value-sensitive design. Science and Engineering Ethics, 19(2), 407-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-011-9343-6
  • Villasmil Espinoza, J. J. (2021). Implicaciones de la inteligencia artificial para la humanidad. Revista de la Universidad del Zulia, 12(32), 4-6. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.32.01
  • Vinge, V. (1993). The coming technological singularity. Whole Earth Review, 10. http://www.aids-3d.com/technologicalsingularity.pdf
  • Wallach, W., Allen, C., & Smit, I. (2008). Machine morality: Bottom-up and top-down approaches for modelling human moral faculties. AI & Society, 22(4), 565-582. En Wallach, W. & Asaro,P., (2017) Machine Ethics and robot ethics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-007-0099-0
  • Wojtyla, K. (2011/1979). Persona y acción. Ediciones Palabra.